Direct excitation of Kelvin waves on quantized vortices
arxiv(2024)
摘要
Helices and spirals, prevalent across various systems, play a crucial role in
characterizing symmetry, describing dynamics, and imparting unique
functionalities, attributed to their inherent simplicity and chiral nature. A
helical excitation on a quantized vortex, an example of a one-dimensional
topological defect, emerges as a Nambu-Goldstone mode following spontaneous
symmetry breaking, known as a Kelvin wave. Kelvin waves play a vital role in
energy dissipation within inviscid quantum fluids. However, deliberately
exciting Kelvin waves has proven to be challenging. Here, we introduce a
controlled method for exciting Kelvin waves on a quantized vortex in superfluid
helium-4. We used a charged nanoparticle, oscillated by a time-varying electric
field, to stimulate Kelvin waves on the vortex. A major breakthrough in our
research is the confirmation of the helical nature of Kelvin waves through
three-dimensional image reconstruction, providing visual evidence of their
complex dynamics. Additionally, we determined the dispersion relation and the
phase velocity of the Kelvin wave and identified the vorticity direction,
enhancing our understanding of quantum fluid behavior. This work elucidates the
dynamics of Kelvin waves and pioneers a novel approach for manipulating and
observing quantized vortices in three dimensions, thereby opening new avenues
for exploring quantum fluidic systems.
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