Oncologic surveillance intensity after endoscopic treatment of upper tract urothelial carcinoma

BACKGROUND: The optimal oncologic surveillance in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) elected for conservative treatment is still a matter of debate. METHODS: Patients elected for endoscopic treatment of UTUC were followed up according to EAU guidelines recommendations after treatment. Bladder cancer recurrence-free survival (BCa-RFS), UTUC recurrence-free survival (UTUCRFS), radical nephroureterectomy-free survival (RNU-FS), and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were estimated using the Kaplan -Meier method. The crude risks of BCa and UTUC recurrences over time were estimated with the Locally Weighted Scatterplot Smoothing method. RESULTS: Overall, 54 and 55 patients had low- and high-risk diseases, respectively. Median follow-up was 46.9 (IQR: 28.7-68.7) and 36.9 (IQR: 19.8-60.1) months in low and high-risk patients, respectively. In low-risk patients, BCa recurrence risk was more than 20% at 24 months follow-up. At 60 months, time point after which cystoscopy and imaging should be interrupted, the risk of BCa recurrence and UTUC recurrence were 14% and 7%, respectively. In high-risk patients, the risk of BCa and UTUC recurrence at 36 months was approximately 40% and 10%, respectively. Conversely, at 60 months, the risk of bladder recurrence and UTUC recurrence was 28% and 8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: For low-risk patients, cystoscopy should be performed semi-annually until 24 months, while upper tract assessment should be obtained up to 60 months, as per current EAU guidelines recommendations. For high-risk patients, upper tract assessment should be intensified to semi-annually up to 36 months, then obtained yearly. Conversely, cystoscopy should be ideally performed semi-annually until 60 months and yearly thereafter.