Electrically conductive membrane for fouling control: Its mechanisms and applications

Membrane processes have attracted considerable attention in the field of water treatment because of their excellent compactness, convenient operation and management, and relatively low energy consumption. However, fouling is a significant technical challenge. Electrically conductive membrane (ECM) technology has recently emerged as a promising alternative owing to its novel and effective mechanisms and outstanding fouling control efficiency. However, because ECM technology is still in the early stages of research, its maturity is low, and fundamental research on the mechanism is insufficient. In this critical review, the mechanisms of the ECM for fouling control were systematically elucidated and categorized as electrochemical oxidation and reduction, electrostatic interactions, and electrolysis. Subsequently, an extensive and comprehensive literature survey of ECM applications was conducted. The current state of the application and performance of ECM technology was evaluated. The operation and modification strategies of ECM research are discussed based on an accurate understanding and evaluation of the fundamental mechanisms and level of actual application of ECM technology for fouling control. Consequently, topics for future academic research and practical applications of the ECM are proposed.