Advancements in lignocellulosic biomass: A critical appraisal of fourth-generation biofuels and value-added bioproduct

The mounting concerns regarding the depletion of fossil fuel resources and the environmental consequences linked to greenhouse gas emissions have propelled scientific investigations toward sustainable alternatives. Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) has prominently emerged as a promising feedstock for the development of fourthgeneration biofuels and a range of value-added bioproducts. This comprehensive review is dedicated to exploring recent advancements in this dynamic field, elucidating innovative strategies aimed at efficiently converting the intricate structure of lignocellulose into fourth-generation biofuels and various value-added bioproducts. Additionally, it provides a detailed explanation of the extraction and utilization of organic acids and solvents derived from LCB. Moreover, this study also addresses the generation of biodegradable hydrogels and other materials for drug delivery. Furthermore, the review sheds light on the current landscape of opportunities and challenges surrounding lignocellulosic-based biorefineries. By critically assessing the potential of this emerging field, it offers insights into the path ahead. The convergence of innovative research, sustainable practices, and industrial scalability holds the potential to reshape the bioenergy and bioproducts sector, fostering a more sustainable and resilient future.