Isotope fractionation of alkaline and alkaline-earth elements (Li, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) during diffusion in aqueous solutions

In this study, we used an improved "diffusion cell" method to precisely determine the diffusion-driven kinetic isotope fractionation factors of the Li, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba cations in aqueous solutions under room temperature. The obtained isotope fractionation factors (+/- 2o errors) are, alpha 7/6Li = 0.996139 +/- 0.000140, alpha 41/39K = 0.998572 +/- 0.000072, alpha 87/85Rb = 0.999333 +/- 0.000020, alpha 26/24Mg = 0.999877 +/- 0.000010, alpha 44/42Ca = 0.999704 +/- 0.000010, alpha 88/86Sr = 0.999781 +/- 0.000014, alpha 138/135Ba = 0.999716 +/- 0.000018. The results show that the charge of the cation and the ion-water bond length for the aquo ions are the two predominant factors affecting the mass dependence of isotope fractionation (beta factor) during cation diffusion in aqueous solutions. Cations with higher charge numbers and shorter ion-water bond lengths exhibit less kinetic isotope fractionation during diffusion. Therefore, the isotope separation effect during diffusion (or beta factor) in fluids is fundamentally controlled by the intensity of ion-water interaction. Weaker ion-water interaction (e.g., lower charge number, longer ion-water bond length) leads to less prominent hydrodynamic behavior for diffusing ions at the molecular level, thus more significant isotope fractionation in bulk solutions, and vice versa. Ions of larger radius would show stronger mass dependence of isotope fractionation (beta factor), which can cancel the effect of decreasing relative isotope mass difference for heavier elements, thus kinetic isotope fractionation during diffusion in aqueous solutions remains prominent even for heavy elements such as Rb, Sr, and Ba. The diffusion-driven kinetic isotope fractionation factors measured in this study could provide a useful basis for interpreting specific natural isotopic variability of alkaline and alkaline-earth elements in supergene environments where chemical diffusion takes place.