The Guangya submarine fan in the South China Sea: A distinctive channelized slope-through fan

Submarine fans play a crucial role in understanding deep-sea sedimentary processes, establishing source-to-sink linkages, and identifying deep-water hydrocarbon reservoirs. Various types of submarine fans have been documented. Here we present findings on the Guangya submarine fan in the Southwest subbasin (SWSB) of the South China Sea (SCS), by analyzing multibeam bathymetric and two-dimensional multichannel seismic data. Bathymetric data reveal that the Guangya fan, covering an area of ~22,500 km2, comprises seven leveed channels, leading to a large composite lobe off the channel mouths. Different from typical submarine fans, the Guangya fan exhibits an elongated shape, extending longitudinally from the shelf edge through the slope to the abyssal plain, while laterally confined within a trough-like morphology in the southwestern tip of the SWSB and beyond. Lacking a typical feeding canyon, the fan appears to be self-fed by the leveed channels that serve as the primary depositional element. In contrast to the radial channel pattern in typical fans, the channels within the Guangya fan form a unique braid to dendritic pattern, genetically linked to channel merging and intersecting effects. Long wavelength and low wave height cyclic steps are identified, highlighting the occurrence of energetic supercritical turbidity currents. Seismic stratigraphic analysis shows that the Guangya fan primarily consists of high-amplitude reflections, indicating its coarser-grained or sandy turbidite-dominated nature. The fan has been evolved since the Pliocene, and mainly comprises depositional elements including channel fills, levees, lobes, and mass transport deposits. The specific tectonic context at the convergence of the conjugate margins, bounding the funnel-shaped SWSB, significantly influences the development of the Guangya fan. The Guangya fan could be originated from a shelf-edge staging area predominantly fed by the Mekong River during sea-level lowstands.