Experimental characterization technique to probe interfacial water

Water is a fundamental substance in the natural world, playing a central role in various fields such as energy, catalysis and the environment. Broadly speaking, the diverse applications of water in different domains are all reliant on its interactions at surfaces. This mini-review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of advanced characterization techniques employed in the examination of interfacial water. Through the presentation of recent findings regarding water's behavior on various surfaces, we elucidate how these newly developed characterization methods enable precise determination of the physical and chemical properties of interfacial water. Additionally, we delve into how these discoveries enhance our comprehension of the physical and chemical processes involving water. Of particular interest is the intricate relationship between interfacial water and catalytic activity in electrocatalytic reactions. Furthermore, we offer insights into the challenges and prospects within this captivating field of study.