Protective Benefits of Ethyl Alcohol Extract of Piper Betel L. to Prevent Colon Carcinogenesis

Piper betel L. is a traditional nutritional and medicinal food, known for its rich phytochemical components. In the current study, the role of the ethyl alcohol extract of betel leaf (Piper betel) against human colorectal carcinoma (HT29 cells), was investigated. The extract consists of phenolic compounds and flavonoids that are potent antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. Exposure of human colon carcinoma cells, to the 80% ethyl alcohol extract resulted in apoptotic cell death, fragmentation, downregulation in the expression levels of Bcl-XL, and upregulation of p53. The results indicated the inhibition of cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The results highlight the activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in response to the treatment with ethanolic extracts of betel leaves. The treatment induced DNA damage leading to G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Low cytotoxicity and anticarcinogenic effects of the ethyl alcohol extracts of betel leaf on HT29 suggest an alternative approach to human colon cancer therapy (combination therapy) and highlights its significance as a functional food or food supplement.