Air-Stable Lead-Free Antimony-Based Perovskite Inspired Solar Cells and Modules

Perovskite-inspired materials (PIMs) have come to the fore recently because they aim to solve a main issue with perovskite technology, that of the potential toxicity of lead (Pb), as well as offer alternatives to tin (Sn)-based perovskites, which are unstable. First, we introduced two cations in the precursor mixture, which improved power conversion efficiencies (PCE = 1.5%) of antimony (Sb)-based MA(1.5)Cs(1.5)Sb(2)I(3)Cl(6) solar cells by 81% compared to conventional Cs-only counterparts. ISOS-D-1 stability was also boosted by 60%, with a loss of only 10% after similar to 1800 h of aging in the air. Stability over this many hours, accompanied by thermal durability of hundreds of hours at high temperatures of 85 degrees C in the air (ISOS-D-2), for these PIMs, also enabled us to carry out all three scalable P1, P2, and P3 laser patterning steps in air and demonstrate the first solar module (PCE = 1.2%) made with any kind of PIM.