Targeted piperine-coated zinc oxide nanoparticle induces the biofilm inhibition of dental pathogens and apoptosis of oral cancer through the BCL-2/BAX/P53 signaling pathway

Abstract Background Dental pathogens, encompassing bacteria, viruses, and fungi, are pivotal in the development of oral health issues such as tooth decay, gum disease, and oral infections. Interestingly, recent research suggests a potential interconnection between dental pathogens and oral cancer, with evidence implicating certain oral pathogens in the initiation and progression of oral malignancies. Given the rising concern of antibiotic resistance and the limitations of conventional treatments, there is a compelling need for innovative therapeutic approaches. Methods The research involved the synthesis and analysis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) facilitated by piperine (PIP). Various techniques including UV spectroscopy, SEM, XRD, FTIR, and EDAX were employed to confirm their chemical composition and structural characteristics. Evaluations were conducted on the antioxidant and antimicrobial effectiveness of ZnO-PIP NPs through DPPH, ABTS, and MIC assays. Furthermore, cell viability and regulation of apoptotic gene expression on KB oral squamous carcinoma cells after the treatment were assessed to identify the potential anticancer properties of the ZnO-PIP NPs Results ZnO-PIP NPs showed significant antioxidant activity in both DPPH and ABTS assays, indicating their potential as potent scavengers of free radicals. The identified MIC of 50 μg/mL against dental pathogens highlighted the strong antimicrobial properties of ZnO-PIP NPs. Moreover, interaction analysis revealed the high binding affinity and complex amino acid interactions between ZnO-PIP NPs and receptors on dental pathogens. Additionally, in terms of anticancer activity, ZnO-PIP NPs exhibited a dose-dependent response against Human Oral Epidermal Carcinoma KB cells at concentrations ranging from 5 μg/mL to 100 μg/mL. Furthermore, ZnO-PIP NPs treatment increased the upregulation of crucial apoptotic genes, including BCL2, BAX, and P53, within the KB cells, unraveling the intricate mechanism of apoptotic activity. Conclusions This approach offers a multifaceted solution to combatting both oral infections and cancer, showcasing their potential for significant advancement in oral healthcare.