Synergistic impacts of westerlies and monsoon on interdecadal variations of late spring precipitation over the southeastern extension of the Tibetan Plateau

      Based on multiple long-term observational and reanalysis datasets, this study investigated the characteristics and physical mechanisms of the interdecadal variations in late spring (i.e., May) precipitation (LSP) over the southeastern extension of the Tibetan Plateau (SETP) since 1900. It was revealed that by and large, LSP over the SETP experienced interdecadal decrease during the period preceding 1927, 1962–1988, and 2004 onwards, but saw an increase during the periods of 1928–1961 and 1989–2003. The atmospheric circulations responsible for interdecadal variations in LSP over the SETP were also analysed. These analyses identified significant synergistic impacts of decreased mid-latitude upstream westerlies and increased low-latitude monsoonal southerlies over the Central North Bay of Bengal (CNBOB) on interdecadal variations in precipitation, suggesting striking interactions between extratropical eastward cold air and tropical northward warm/humid air. Further observational and modelling evidence suggested that Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) was likely to be a salient oceanic driver for the interdecadal synergy between upstream westerlies and CNBOB monsoonal southerlies. The elevated sea surface temperature anomalies associated with the warm phase of the AMO could spark favourable local atmospheric anomalies, forcing an upper-tropospheric, planetary-scale teleconnection emanating from the east of the North Atlantic sector, which may serve as an effective bridge linking the remote AMO signal and the synergy between westerlies and monsoonal southerlies around the SETP on interdecadal timescales. Our findings provided new insights into the understanding of the synergistic roles of westerlies and monsoons in the modulation of interdecadal LSP over the SETP, prior to the peak Asian summer monsoon season. KEYWORDS AMO, interdecadal precipitation variations, late spring, southeastern extension of Tibetan Plateau, westerly–monsoon interplay