Long-Period Grating with Asymmetrical Modulation for Curvature Sensing

We propose and demonstrate a curvature sensor based on long-period fiber grating (LPFG) with asymmetric index modulation. The LPFG is fabricated in single-mode fiber with femtosecond laser micromachining. The grating structure is not introduced in the central fiber core, but is located off-axis with a distance of a few micrometers. Experimental results indicate that the offset distance has direct influence on the grating spectra. By utilizing such an asymmetric structure, two-dimensional vector curvature sensing can be realized. For an LPFG with an offset distance of 6 mu m, the curvature sensitivity is around 29 nm/m-1 in the 0 degrees and 180 degrees direction and about 20 nm/m-1 in the 90 degrees and 270 degrees direction. The difference in curvature sensitivity in different bending directions makes the sensor capable of distinguishing the curvature orientation. The temperature response of the sensor is also experimentally investigated, and results indicate that the sensor has a very low temperature cross-sensitivity of 0.003 m-1/degrees C. The characteristics of high curvature sensitivity, two-dimensional bending direction identification, and compact structure make the device an ideal candidate to be applied in the field of power grid health monitoring and intelligent robotics.