Comparison of the osteogenic potential of fibroblasts from different sources

Objective With the growing interest in the role of fibroblasts in osteogenesis, this study presents a comparative evaluation of the osteogenic potential of fibroblasts derived from three distinct sources: human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), mouse embryonic fibroblasts (NIH3T3 cells), and mouse subcutaneous fibroblasts (L929 cells). MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cells were employed as a positive control for osteogenic behavior. Design Our assessment involved multiple approaches, including vimentin staining for cell origin verification, as well as ALP and ARS staining in conjunction with RT-PCR for osteogenic characterization. Results Our findings revealed the superior osteogenic differentiation capacity of HGFs compared to MC3T3-E1 and NIH3T3 cells. Analysis of ALP staining confirmed that early osteogenic differentiation was most prominent in MC3T3-E1 cells at 7 days, followed by NIH3T3 and HGFs. However, ARS staining at 21 days demonstrated that HGFs produced the highest number of calcified nodules, indicative of their robust potential for late-stage mineralization. This late-stage osteogenic potential of HGFs was further validated through RT-PCR analysis. In contrast, L929 cells displayed no significant osteogenic differentiation potential. Conclusions In light of these findings, HGFs emerge as the preferred choice for seed cells in bone tissue engineering applications. This study provides valuable insights into the potential utility of HGFs in the fields of bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.