Integration technologies in laboratory information systems: A systematic review

Clinical laboratories have evolved with technological advancements through integrating various subsystems into Health Information Systems (HIS), particularly the Laboratory Information System (LIS). The LIS automates processes, manages results, and interfaces with healthcare information sources. Challenges include workflow inefficiencies and data interpretation issues. Despite increased data accessibility, managing clinical data across systems remains complex. Integrating laboratory machines into LIS is essential for optimizing healthcare delivery, requiring effective integration technologies. This study aims to synthesize the existing empirical studies on the utilization of integration technologies for Software-to-Software (S2S) communication in automating clinical laboratory processes. This study systematically examined integration technologies in LIS using PubMed and following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The three-phase methodology included a scoping analysis, methodological analysis, and a gap analysis, focusing on S2S communication, interoperability frameworks, data standards, communication protocols, and challenges in LIS integration technologies. Analysis of 28 sample studies revealed a complex landscape in LIS integration shaped by end-users, care providers, and researchers. Clinical laboratories prioritize integration, focusing on patient data and sustainability. Standards like HL7 and FHIR ensure interoperability. Eleven methodologies highlight system development in Health Information Systems (HIS). Interoperability is a common objective, with 22 out of 28 studies achieving success. Challenges include limited generalizability, poor validation, and post-implementation modifications. Issues like security, data incompatibility, and evolving standards persist.