Enhanced Pretreatment of Natural Rubber Industrial Wastewater Using Magnetic Seed Coagulation with Ca(OH)₂

The efficiency of magnetic seed coagulation (MSC) with pH adjustment by NaOH and Ca(OH)(2) as a pretreatment for high-strength natural rubber industrial wastewater (NRIWW) was compared in this study. The high content of suspended solids (SSs) and other inhibitory substances of NRIWW is a primary issue which affects its subsequent secondary and tertiary treatment processes. The MSC process with polyaluminum chloride (PAC), anionic polymer (polyacrylamide-PAM)), and magnetic seeds (MS) (ferric oxide (Fe3O4)) was proven to be a cost-effective pretreatment of NRIWW, and Ca(OH)(2) showed improved pretreatment performance, with turbidity, COD, and TSS removals of 95%, 56%, and 64%, respectively. Sedimentation was enhanced from 30 min by conventional coagulation to less than 5 min by the MSC. The organic components of NRIWW reacted with MS to generate Fe-OH/Fe-OH+ linkages through processes of surface complexing and hydrogen bonding. According to fractal analysis, the MSC process optimized with Ca(OH)(2) produces less complex flocs that are uniform and densely packed. Additionally, MS served as an adsorbent and promoted the development of magnetic flocs by boosting their density and size. MSC with pH adjustment by Ca(OH)(2) presents a robust and cost-effective pretreatment process for NRIWW.