Acidic electroreduction CO2 to formic acid via interfacial modification of Bi nanoparticles at industrial-level current

Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) in acidic media is a promising approach to overcome the unavoidable formation of carbonates in alkaline or neutral electrolytes. However, the proton-rich environment near the catalyst surface favors hydrogen evolution reactions (HER), leading to lower energy efficiency of the desired products, especially in industrial-level current densities. Here, quaternary ammonium cationic surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)) was introduced into acidic electrolyte to modulate the interfacial microenvironment, which greatly enhanced CO2 electroreduction to formic acid (HCOOH) at the Bi/C nanoparticles electrode. Using a Bi/C nanoparticles electrode with CTAB added, constant production of formic acid was enabled with a cathodic energy efficiency of > 40