Dietary Habits of Asiatic Black Bear in Bajaur Agency, Pakistan

Relatively little is known about the nutritional ecology of omnivorous Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) in Pakistan. The species is categorized as "Vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and its population is reportedly declining in its range, mainly as a result of conflict with humans. Although the black bear is reported from different parts of the country including high-elevation hilly areas, data on its ecology are so far poorly documented. In the present study, we investigated diet composition of the species by using a non-invasive technique of scat analysis and determined distribution by surveying potential habitats and recording direct and indirect field signs (such as scats, tracks, prey remains, hairs) in the Bajaur Agency area, Pakistan, from September 2017 to July 2018. Results showed black bear were distributed at elevations of 790 m to 2,286 m above sea level. Analysis of the scat samples (n H 34) indicated different food components including plant materials, with a major contribution from maize crop and animal matter consisting of invertebrates (insects), wild prey (hare [Lepus spp.]), and domestic prey (goat [Capra hircus], sheep [Ovis aries], and cow [Bos taurus]). Most frequently consumed food items (on a % volume basis) were 72.5% plant matter, and 27.5% animal matter. Consumption of maize crops and domestic goats and sheep by Asiatic black bears indicates its conflict with humans in the study area, which needs to be addressed for successful conservation of the black bear species. We recommend awareness campaigns pertaining to different mitigating interventions, and training that consequently reduces the risk of negative interactions, which will assist in future conservation of Asiatic black bears in the area.