Agroforestry could be one of the viable options to deal with terminal heat stress in wheat causing yield loss in Indo-Gangetic Plains

Agroforestry (AF) has played a significant role in the restoration and resilience of cropland ecosystems by mitigating carbon (C) emissions, while increasing crop productivity via modulation of micro-climate for underneath trees. The present study compared four land-use systems including three contrasting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) based AF systems viz. deciduous poplar (Populus deltoides), dek (Melia composita) and evergreen eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis) vis-à-vis sole cultivation of seven wheat varieties during 2020–22 in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGPs) of north-western India. These results revealed that sole crop system has significantly (p < 0.05) higher grain ( 17.7–88.3