Neurophysiology of effortful listening: Decoupling motivational modulation from task demands

In demanding listening situations, a listener’s motivational state may affect their cognitive investment. Here, we aim to delineate how domain-specific sensory processing, domain-general neural alpha power, and pupil size as a proxy for cognitive investment encode influences of motivational state under demanding listening. Participants performed an auditory gap-detection task while pupil size and the magnetoencephalogram (MEG) were simultaneously recorded. Task demand and a listener’s motivational state were orthogonally manipulated through changes in gap duration and monetary-reward prospect, respectively. Whereas task difficulty impaired performance, reward prospect enhanced it. Pupil size reliably indicated the modulatory impact of an individual’s motivational state. At the neural level, the motivational state did not affect auditory sensory processing directly but impacted attentional post-processing of an auditory event as reflected in the late evoked-response field and alpha power change. Both pre-gap pupil dilation and higher parietal alpha power predicted better performance at the single-trial level. The current data support a framework wherein the motivational state acts as an attentional top-down neural means of post-processing the auditory input in challenging listening situations. Significance Statement How does an individual’s motivational state affect cognitive investment during effortful listening? In this simultaneous pupillometry and MEG study, participants performed an auditory gap-detection task while their motivational state was manipulated through varying prospect of a monetary reward. The pupil size directly mirrored this motivational modulation of the listening demand. The individual’s motivational state also enhanced top-down attentional post-processing of the auditory event but did neither change auditory sensory processing nor pre-gap parietal alpha power. These data suggest that a listener’s motivational state acts as a late attentional top-down effect on auditory neural processes in challenging listening situations. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.