Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Submodule for 4T Tandem Devices: Industrial Engineering Route Toward Stable Devices

Perovskite technology has been advancing at unprecedented levels over the past years, with efficiencies reaching up to 26.1%. State-of-the-art results are obtained on a very small area scale (<0.1 cm(2)), by adopting high materials wasting processes not compatible with industry and with market exploitation. Silicon is a well-established technology and one of the advantages of perovskite is its ability to pair with silicon forming a tandem device that extracts charges reducing transmission and thermalization losses. In this work, we focused on finding a strategy to fabricate 15.2 x 15.2 cm(2) perovskite modules by using blade/slot-die coating and avoiding any spin coating deposition. Furthermore, we optimized the indium tin oxide top electrode deposition by adjusting the sputtering process and buffer layer deposition; finally, we focused on light management by applying an antireflective coating. We obtained a semitransparent and a tandem silicon-perovskite module in a four-terminal (4T) configuration over 225 cm(2) (4T configuration) with 13.18% and 20.91% efficiency, respectively, passing International Summit on Organic PV Stability ISOS-L1 (under continuous light soaking in the air) test with a remarkable T-80 of 1459 h.