Turbulent flow in an I-L junction: Impacts of the pipe diameter ratio

Pipeline junction plays a pivotal role in fluid mixing for biomedical, chemical, and industrial processes. This study introduces an I-L junction for pipeline systems, fostering concurrent flow between branch-pipe injection and the main pipe bulk flow. In contrast to the conventional T-junction with perpendicular injection, the I-L design demonstrates high potential in mitigating vibration-induced fatigue risks, given an optimal branch-to-main pipe diameter ratio, r(d). Using unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, the study assesses fluid mixing across a broad range of r(d) ( 1 / 12 - 1 / 2.5). The streamline geometry undergoes a transition from well-defined symmetric vortices to unsteady oscillations when the pipe diameters diverge beyond 1/4, arising from vortex shedding in the wake of the branch pipe. Despite the conventional T-junction showing a more homogeneous velocity distribution in the streamwise direction, its turbulent kinetic energy (TKE, both modeled and calculated from the resolved-scale velocities) near the junction is an order of magnitude larger, implying high overall inhomogeneity in the flow. The TKE decays rapidly to an equivalent level compared to the proposed I-L junction approaching discharge, indicating that the peaking of TKE in the T-junction does not significantly contribute to enhanced fluid mixing. Conversely, it can likely result in harmful vibrations inside the pipeline. While the turbulence statistics remain qualitatively unchanged for r (d) < 1 / 4, an enlarged discrepancy in pipe diameters beyond r( d) < 1 / 6 yields more favorable mean surface pressure coefficient, CP . The results provide insights into pipeline design, recommending an optimal pipe diameter ratio for enhanced mixing of successively collected fluids while retaining improved system reliability.