On the Formation of the W-shaped O II Lines in Spectra of Type I Superluminous Supernovae
arxiv(2024)
摘要
H-poor superluminous supernovae (SLSNe-I) are characterized by O II lines
around 4,000 - 4,500 A in pre-/near-maximum spectra, so-called W-shaped O II
lines. As these lines are from relatively high excitation levels, they have
been considered a sign of non-thermal processes, which may give a hint of power
sources of SLSNe-I. However, the conditions for these lines to appear have not
been understood well. In this work, we systematically calculate synthetic
spectra to reproduce observed spectra of eight SLSNe-I, parameterizing
departure coefficients from the nebular approximation in the SN ejecta
(expressed as b_neb). We find that most of the observed spectra can be
reproduced well with b_neb < 10, which means that no strong departure is
necessary for the formation of the W-shaped O II lines. We also show that the
appearance of the W-shaped O II lines is sensitive to temperature; only spectra
with temperatures T 14,000 - 16,000 K can produce the W-shaped O II lines
without large departures. Based on this, we constrain the non-thermal
ionization rate near the photosphere. Our results suggest that spectral
features of SLSNe-I can give independent constraints on the power source
through the non-thermal ionization rates.
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