Severe manifestation of Rauch-Azzarello syndrome associated with biallelic deletion of CTNND2

CTNND2 encodes delta-catenin, a component of an adherens junction complex, and plays an important role in neuronal structure and function. To date, only heterozygous loss-of-function CTNND2 variants have been associated with mild neurodevelopmental delay and behavioral anomalies, a condition, which we named Rauch-Azzarello syndrome. Here, we report three siblings of a consanguineous family of Syrian descent with a homozygous deletion encompassing the last 19 exons of CTNND2 predicted to disrupt the transcript. All presented with severe neurodevelopmental delay with absent speech, profound motor delay, stereotypic behavior, microcephaly, short stature, muscular hypotonia with lower limb hypertonia, and variable eye anomalies. The parents and the fourth sibling were heterozygous carriers of the deletion and exhibited mild neurodevelopmental impairment resembling that of the previously described heterozygous individuals. The present study unveils a severe manifestation of CTNND2-associated Rauch-Azzarello syndrome attributed to biallelic loss-of-function aberrations, clinically distinct from the already described mild presentation of heterozygous individuals. Furthermore, we demonstrate novel clinical features in homozygous individuals that have not been reported in heterozygous cases to date.