IMPROVED ACIDITY OF MESOPOROUS ZrO₂-WO₃ THROUGH NH3-AIR SUBSECTION-CALCINATION TREATMENT

ZrO2-WO3 mixed metal oxides are important solid acid catalysts, and typically, ammonia gas calcination reduces their acidity. However, in this study, we introduce an updated NH3 calcination technique that can increase the acidity of mesoporous ZrO2-WO3 solid acids. Their structures and acid properties were thoroughly characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), N-2 adsorption measurement, pyridine -adsorbed infrared spectroscopy (Py-IR), temperature -programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high -resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and ultraviolet -visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis-DRS) analysis. The resulting materials exhibit remarkable activity in the Friedel-Crafts (F -C) reaction of anisole and benzyl alcohol. Our investigations showed that the subnanometer WOx clusters act as the most active sites for the F -C reaction, and NH3-air calcination is essential for the formation of WOx clusters. This treatment not only enhances acidity but also provides a novel method of obtaining acidic ZrO2-WO3 mixed metal oxides. Most importantly, it presents a fresh approach for regulating the formation of WO3 clusters and catalytic activity.