Physics-Based Continuum Modeling for an Aqueous Rechargeable Zn/MnO₂ Battery

Abstract This study introduces a framework for modeling the aqueous Zn/MnO2 rechargeable battery. A reaction system and a physics-based continuum model are proposed based on two reaction types, one involving insertion and the second related to dissolution and deposition of a solid reaction product. The model, fitted to empirical data, predicts voltage behavior and capacity limitations during cycling, identifying electrolytic zinc depletion as a limiting mechanism, depending on the original cell construction. The research suggests needs for further material characterization and reaction analysis, which will advance our understanding and facilitate the development of grid-scale energy storage solutions.