A spin-refrigerated cavity quantum electrodynamic sensor
arxiv(2024)
摘要
Quantum sensors based on solid-state defects, in particular nitrogen-vacancy
(NV) centers in diamond, enable precise measurement of magnetic fields,
temperature, rotation, and electric fields. However, the sensitivity of leading
NV spin ensemble sensors remains far from the intrinsic spin-projection noise
limit. Here we move towards this quantum limit of performance by introducing
(i) a cavity quantum electrodynamic (cQED) hybrid system operating in the
strong coupling regime, which enables high readout fidelity of an NV ensemble
using microwave homodyne detection; (ii) a comprehensive nonlinear model of the
cQED sensor operation, including NV ensemble inhomogeneity and optical
polarization; and (iii) “spin refrigeration” where the optically-polarized
spin ensemble sharply reduces the ambient-temperature microwave thermal noise,
resulting in enhanced sensitivity. Applying these advances to magnetometry, we
demonstrate a broadband sensitivity of 580 fT/√(Hz) around 15
kHz in ambient conditions. We then discuss the implications of this model for
design of future magnetometers, including devices approaching 12
fT/√(Hz) sensitivity. Applications of these techniques extend to
the fields of gyroscope and clock technologies.
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