Comprehensive characterization of the compositional differences in essential oils prepared from Artemisiae argyi during different picking seasons using gas chromatography Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry

Background Artemisia argyi Lévl. et Vant, commonly utilized in traditional medicine, food, and therapeutic practices such as moxibustion and fumigation, yields an essential oil with significant value. Understanding the chemical composition of Artemisia argyi essential oil (AAEO) is crucial for optimizing its production and application. Purpose This study aims to provide a detailed characterization of the chemical constituents of AAEO, thereby enhancing our understanding of its potential uses and therapeutic efficacy. Methods The study employed gas chromatography Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-Orbitrap-HRMS) for the analytical characterization of AAEO. The AAEO samples were diluted with n-hexane and subjected to direct analysis. To enhance the accuracy and reliability of compound identification, retention indices were used for correction alongside the mass spectrometry data. This study also included a comparative analysis of AAEO from eight different batches, harvested from the same location but at distinct times, to evaluate the consistency and variability in their chemical profiles. Results A total of 126 compounds were putatively identified in AAEO, with the primary constituents being alkenes (43.729%), alcohols (29.102%), ketones (12.257%), and ethers (9.297%). Comparative analysis of the eight AAEO batches revealed general consistency in major components, with variations in relative concentrations and minor constituents. These variations were linked to differing impacts on tumor cell viability, suggesting batch-specific therapeutic potentials. Conclusion The investigation successfully delineated the complex chemical landscape of AAEO, revealing both the consistency and variability across different batches. These findings underline the importance of chemical characterization in understanding and harnessing the therapeutic potential of traditional medicinal substances like AAEO.