A Mixed Studies Systematic Review on the Health and Wellbeing Effects, and Underlying Mechanisms, of Online Support Groups for Chronic Conditions

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review examines whether online support groups affect the health and wellbeing of individuals with a chronic condition, and what mechanisms may influence such effects. METHOD: In February 2023, literature searches were conducted across electronic databases (Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, Web of Science and Google Scholar), pre-publication websites (MedRxiv and PsyArXiv) and grey literature websites. Qualitative and quantitative studies were included if they explored the impact of online support groups on the health and wellbeing outcomes of individuals with a chronic condition. RESULTS: In total 83 papers, with 91 studies, met the inclusion criteria. Health and wellbeing outcomes were categorised as: physical health, mental health, quality of life, social wellbeing, health-related behaviour and decision-making, and adjustment. Mechanisms reported in these studies related to exchanging support, sharing experiences, content expression, and social comparison. User and group characteristics were also explored. CONCLUSION: The included studies suggest that online support groups can have a positive impact on social wellbeing, behaviour, and adjustment, with inconclusive findings for physical health and quality of life. However, there is also the possibility for a negative effect on anxiety and distress, particularly when hearing other group members’ difficult experiences. Research comparing different types of support groups is needed.