Observational constraints on the parameterization of particle dry deposition over bare cropland

Dry deposition affects the removal rates and lifetimes of atmospheric particles. Bare cropland, a surface cover type representing cultivated land after harvesting and ploughing, is widespread around the world, but the parameterizations of dry deposition velocity for this land type have not been well constrained. In this study, we integrate existing observational data of particle dry deposition for bare cropland to constrain the corresponding parameterization scheme. Considering that strong disparities exist between the calculated dry deposition velocity from existing parameterizations and the observations, a range of empirical parameters employed are adjusted to best match the model simulations with the observations. The results from the revised parameterization match much more closely with the observations for the different particle sizes than those obtained when using the existing one. As a result, particles smaller than 0.5 μm in diameter exhibit a decrease in dry deposition velocity by roughly one order of magnitude, while that of particles larger particles increases. Among the processes contributing to the dry deposition, the impaction and interception are dominant for particles with aerodynamic diameters between 0.1-10 μm, due to the roughness characteristics and large clod size of bare cropland, in contrast to smooth bare soils. Applying our revised scheme in an atmospheric chemical transport model over the North China Plain leads to a general increase in PM2.5 mass concentrations across the domain, reaching up to 11.2% over the croplands. Particularly, the number concentrations of particle in Aitken and accumulation modes are increased by 12.9% and 16.8%, respectively. The associated increase in cloud condensation nuclei concentrations reaches as high as 39.6%.