Clinical phenotypes of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy-related recurrent KCNH5 missense variant p.R327H in Chinese children

KCNH5 gene encodes for the voltage-gated potassium channel protein Kv10.2. Here, we investigated the clinical features of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) in five Chinese pediatric patients with a missense mutation (p.R327H) in KCNH5 gene. These patients had undergone video EEG to evaluate background features and epileptiform activity, as well as 3.0 T MRI scans for structural analysis and intelligence assessments using the Gesell Developmental Observation or Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Seizure onset occurs between 4 and 10 months of age, with focal and generalized tonic-clonic seizures being common. Initial EEG findings showed multiple multifocal sharp waves, sharp slow waves or spike slow waves, and spike waves. Brain MRI revealed widened extracerebral space in only one patient. Mechanistically, the KCNH5 mutation disrupts the two hydrogen bonds between Arg327 and Asp304 residues, potentially altering the protein’s structural stability and function. Almost 80 % of patients receiving add-on valproic acid (VPA) therapy experienced a reduction in epileptic seizure frequency. Altogether, this study presents the first Chinese cohort of pediatric DEE patients with the KCNH5 p.R327H mutation, highlighting focal seizures as the predominant seizure type and incomplete mutation penetrance. Add-on VPA therapy was likely effective in the early stages of DEE pathogenesis.