Enhanced adsorption of dye wastewater by low-temperature combined NaOH/urea pretreated hydrochar: Fabrication, performance, and mechanism.

The highly stable biomass structure formed by cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin results in incomplete conversion and carbonization under hydrothermal conditions. In this study, pretreated corn straw hydrochar (PCS-HC) was prepared using a low-temperature alkali/urea combination pretreatment method. The Mass loss rate of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin from pretreated biomass, as well as the effects of the pretreatment method on the physicochemical properties of PCS-HC and the adsorption performance of PCS-HC for alkaline dyes (rhodamine B and methylene blue), were investigated. The results showed that the low-temperature NaOH/urea pretreatment effectively disrupted the stable structure formed by cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. NaOH played a dominant role in solubilizing cellulose and the combination of low temperature and urea enhanced the ability of NaOH to remove cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Compared to the untreated hydrochar, PCS-HC exhibited a rougher surface, a more abundant pore structure, and a larger specific surface area. The unpretreated hydrochar exhibited an adsorption capacity of 64.8% for rhodamine B and 66.32% for methylene blue. However, the removal of rhodamine B and methylene blue by PCS-BC increased to 89.12% and 90.71%, respectively, under the optimal pretreatment conditions. The PCS-HC exhibited a favorable adsorption capacity within the pH range of 6-9. However, the presence of co-existing anions such as Cl-, SO42-, CO32-, and NO3- hindered the adsorption capacity of PCS-HC. Among these anions, CO32- exhibited the highest level of inhibition. Chemisorption, including complexation, electrostatic attraction, and hydrogen bonding, were the primary mechanism for dye adsorption by PCS-HC. This study provides an efficient method for utilizing agricultural waste and treating dye wastewater.