Reconstructing fluid evolution and precipitation mechanism of the Chuankeng skarn copper deposits, China: New insight from microthermometry and LA-ICP-MS analysis of fluid inclusions

Skarn deposits are significant sources of copper, yet there are different understandings on their fluid evolution and precipitation mechanism due to lack of direct constraints on fluid compositions of mineralization process. Here, we present a detailed reconstruction of fluid evolution history from the pre-ore prograde stage through the syn-ore retrograde stage to the post-ore stage of the Chuankeng deposit in the North Wuyi area, South China, based on fluid inclusion microthermometry and LA-ICP-MS analysis of typical minerals from three stages. The pre-ore fluids trapped in pyroxene have higher homogenization temperatures (450–550 ℃), higher salinities (31.9–51.5 wt% NaCl equiv), but lower concentrations of Cu (∼556 ppm) than syn-ore fluids (338–465 ℃, 31.3–38.9 wt% NaCl equiv, ∼3247 ppm Cu). The post-ore fluids show lower temperatures (139-163℃), salinities (1.1–6.5 wt% NaCl equiv), and low concentrations of Cu (<387 ppm). Fluids of all paragenetic stages have high K/Na and Rb/Na ratios, exhibiting signatures of magmatic hydrothermal fluids. Mixing of the magmatic fluids with meteoric waters of lower temperature and salinity occurred at the final post-ore stage, thus it is not related to Cu mineralization. As the temperature descends from 445 ℃ to 340 ℃, the Cu/(Na + K) ratios of syn-ore fluids diminish exponentially, manifesting fluid cooling within a certain temperature may be an important factor controlling Cu mineralization. Concomitantly, a moderate negative correlation between the Ca/(Na + K) ratios and Cu/(Na + K) ratios of syn-ore fluids suggests that fluid-rock interaction do have some impact on copper contents. Additionally, the Cu/(Na + K) ratios of syn-ore fluids in quartz are an order of magnitude higher than those of pre-ore fluids, and it is proposed that during the initial retrograde stage—the onset of mineralization—the magma chamber released fluid pulse with higher copper contents. Based on these findings, the fluids of pre-ore prograde stage and syn-ore retrograde stage are distinct magmatic fluid pulses, and copper-rich fluids, thermal cooling within a specific temperature range and fluid-rock reaction are suggested to be key factors controlling metal enrichment in skarn copper systems.