A holistic review of recent advances in nano-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)

Over the past couple of decades, the incidence of breast cancer (BC) has significantly increased among females in comparison to other cancer types. In medicinal terminology, the susceptibility to BC is mainly centered around three hormonal receptors: estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and human epidermal growth receptor (HER2). Notably, estrogen- dependent breast cancer has a considerable female demographic, making it treatable with hormonal drugs and less intensive immunotherapy. Conversely, the narrative delves into the ominous type of cancer known as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The orientation of all three receptors falls in a negative direction, which is ineffective for treatments that rely on hormonal or antagonist medicaments. Therefore, the only option available to tackle this type of cancer is chemotherapy, which causes toxicity within the body, is highly expensive, and is non-targeted. To counter this challenge, researchers have pioneered nano-based drug delivery systems (NDDS) owing to their innumerable merits and scientific development. NDDS mainly involves polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, and dendrimers. This review comprehensively details the advancements in nanoinduced targeted drug delivery systems, with a focus on surface modification techniques for active targeting, enhanced drug release, and improved pharmacokinetics. Critical analysis extends to preclinical and clinical studies, revealing the potential of nano-drug delivery systems in TNBC to surpass traditional therapies, with promising heightened efficacy and reduced side effects.