A ray-inspired flexible robot fish with stable controllability actuated by photo -responsive composite hydrogels with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Drawing inspiration from the movement behaviour of rays in nature, we have successfully developed a ray-inspired flexible robot fish driven by visible light. A composite made of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has excellent biocompatibility and photo-responsive deformability. The PNIPAM hydrogel flexible material of the robot fish was prepared by light curing printing technology. Under the control of visible light, the robot fish swims in a straight line at an average speed of about 0.42mm/s. The photoinduced asymmetric deformation mechanism is used to control the deformation of the fins on both sides of the robot fish, so that the robot fish can turn and realize directional swimming control. These findings have important implications for the development of flexible bionic robots and provide valuable insights for the research of bionic robots driven by visible light.