Lessons learned in wind-driven desalination systems in the Canary Islands: Useful knowledge for other world islands

This study addresses the imperative transition towards renewable energy for the powering of desalination technologies, focusing particularly on island contexts. The Canary Archipelago serves as a unique wind energy-desalination laboratory, with numerous experimental projects conducted since the late 1980s. The lessons learnt that are identified in this paper highlight the critical factors influencing project success or failure, including the modernization of desalination plants, the optimal selection of wind farm sites and turbine technology, adequate resources for operating and maintenance tasks, and optimal battery sizing to minimize system shutdowns. In this context, reverse osmosis emerges as the most advantageous technology for variable operating conditions. System interfaces between wind turbines and desalination units are also discussed and it is identified that further research is needed for mechanical or hydrostatic interface systems, while electrical interface systems suit low-medium water demand areas. Recommendations are given for system design and maintenance with the aim of providing valuable information for other island communities grappling with the water-energy nexus and climate change mitigation.