Changes in Future Rainfall over Southeast Asia Using the CMIP6 Multi-model Ensemble

A multi-model ensemble from the new CMIP6 models was utilized to determine the future changes in precipitation over Southeast Asia (SEA; longitude: 90°E–140°E, latitude: 15°S–30°N). The changes are computed for the three (3) future time slices (2021–2040, 2041–2060, and 2081–2100) under four (4) different scenarios based on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs): 1-2.6, 2-4.5, 3-7.0, and 5-8.5. Our results indicate that future rainfall in the SEA-averaged region could increase by about 4%, 5%, 6%, and 9% towards the end of the century relative to the present-day average (1995–2014) under SSP1-2.6, 2-4.5, 3-7.0, and 5-8.5, respectively. Among all scenarios, SSP3-7.0 widely shows remarkably dry conditions whereas SSP5-8.5 suggests extremely wet conditions on different time scales. A clear dissociation of wet and dry areas is expected in the far-term period (2081–2100). Changes in the annual cycle indicate that monsoon rainfall could experience significant increases. The study also emphasizes the importance of moisture flux convergence (MFC) in determining precipitation patterns across different seasons and regions. The results suggest that MFC plays a crucial role in the projected increase or decrease of rainfall in SEA regions. Spatial correlation of future global mean temperature (GMT) and rainfall have a high positive (negative) correlation in the north (south) latitudes. Changes in rainfall are found to be sensitive to GMT. The responses to future rainfall changes per degree Celsius of warming are at the rate of 8.9%, 6.3%, 3.6%, and 2.7% under SSP1-2.6, 2-4.5, 3-7.0, and 5-8.5, respectively.