Direct evidence of gas flushing oil in deep reservoirs: Insight from integrated fluid inclusion analyses

Gas flushing of oil has been proposed as an essential process for forming some condensate gas reservoirs based on laboratory experiments and modeling but such a process has rarely been documented in subsurface reservoirs. Here, we report a unique type of yellow-ringed oil inclusions (YROIs) discovered from a deep reservoir in the Kuqa Foreland Basin, Western China that recorded the gas flushing of oil process in the subsurface. The occurrence, composition, phase state and PVT conditions of YROIs during trapping were investigated using a suite of fluid inclusion analytical methods including fluid inclusion petrography, microthermometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, PVT modeling and molecular composition analysis.YROIs found in the reservoir are three-phase (solid–liquid-vapor) fluid inclusions at room temperature with solid rings of 2–3 μm thickness and estimated volume percentages varying between 5 % and 15 %. When heated the solid ring starts to melt at around 46 °C and homogenized with the liquid phase at or above their corresponding homogenization temperatures of coeval aqueous inclusions. YROIs have fluorescence spectral peaks between 530 nm and 550 nm and an elevated spectral shoulder around 650 nm when measured at room temperature; but most spectra show a distinct “blue shift” and an absence of the 650 nm shoulder when measured at their homogenization temperatures. Some YROIs with thick yellow rings show dual spectral peaks at 570 nm and 630 nm at room temperature and their spectral peaks do not change when remeasured at their homogenization temperatures. Molecular compositions derived from synchronous fluorescence spectra and GC-MS analysis suggest that the compositions of YROIs are rich in polyaromatic compounds. PVT modeling indicates that YROIs were trapped under high pressure conditions with a pressure exceeding 50 % of the corresponding hydrostatic pressure.YROIs are interpreted to have been trapped under an elevated temperature and overpressure condition (around 110 °C and 60 MPa) relating to an intensive (wet) gas flushing of an early-charged wax-rich oil. When light hydrocarbon components in the reservoir oil were partially removed by gas, the wax/resin components rich in polyaromatic hydrocarbon compounds may precipitate due to physio-chemical fractionation. YROIs were entrapped in subsurface from a heterogeneous hydrocarbon fluid containing variable amounts of wax/resin colloids, which subsequently coalesce to form solid rings adhering to the inner wall of oil inclusions at room temperature. The presence of yellow-ringed oil inclusions in a reservoir may be indicative of a rapid gas flushing of waxy oil under high pressure, and their minimum homogenization temperature may approximate their trapping temperature.