Characterization of Tableware from Fbrica de Loi?a de Sacavm-Linking Analytical and Documental Research

Fabrica de Loica de Sacavem (ca. 1858-1994) was among the first to produce white earthenware in Portugal, becoming one of the country's leading ceramic manufacturers during the late 19th to early 20th centuries. Research on white earthenware has accompanied the growing interest in post-industrial archaeology but is still poorly explored compared to more ancient ceramic productions. This study focused on the ceramic body, glazes, and colourants of tableware produced by Fabrica de Loica de Sacavem during the first 50 years of its activity (1859-1910). A multi-analytical approach was selected to investigate the chemical and mineralogical composition of the ceramic body, glaze, and pigments using optical microscopy, variable-pressure scanning electron microscope energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (VP-SEM-EDS), mu-Raman spectroscopy, mu-X-ray Diffraction (mu-XRD), and reflectance spectroscopy (hyperspectral image analysis). The studied tableware was produced with a Ca-poor siliceous-aluminous white earthenware ceramic body covered with transparent alkali lead or lead borosilicate glaze, and most colourants were complex Cr-based pigments. These results are in agreement with the little documental evidence from this period found in the manufacturer's archives.