Triple-A approach and global value chain governance (GVC): The case of Brazilian beef

Characterized by strong coordination between farmers, food processors or traders, and between processors and retailers, agri-food global value chains (GVCs) need to govern their inter-organizational ties with the aim of strengthening their competitiveness and global presence. In this sense, this paper presents an integrative conceptual framework based on global value chain governance (GVC) models and resource orchestration from the Triple-A approach perspective. A multiple case study based on three Brazilian-born global companies was used as empirical evidence to test the proposed framework. The results indicated that, regardless of the adopted governance model, the companies are embedded in a fragmented beef sector and technological diversity. The five governance models (market, modular, captive, hierarchical and relational) were reflected diversely in the companies' inter-organizational strategies. Additionally, the companies responded to threats and salient challenges in the domestic market from the global perspective with agility, adaptability and alignment in different levels and tactical actions. The study contributes to GVC prior literature proposing an integrative framework that proved insightful in analyzing the companies' strategies and their chosen path to pursue competitiveness and differentiation in the global value chain.