Intelligent micro/nanomotors: Fabrication, propulsion, and biomedical applications

Intelligent micro/nanomotors (MNMs) are unique devices at the micro- or nanoscale that achieve active movement in various liquid environments by converting different forms of energy into mechanical motion, making them highly promising in the field of biomedical applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the fabrication methodologies, propulsion mechanisms, and burgeoning landscape of biomedical applications associated with intelligent MNMs. From synthetic strategies to propulsion modalities, we delve into the multifaceted design principles that govern these miniature propulsion systems. Furthermore, this work elucidates the pivotal role of intelligent MNMs in various biomedical applications, including precision medicine, targeted drug delivery, and minimally invasive surgeries. The potential challenges, future directions, and opportunities in this rapidly evolving research domain are also discussed. Overall, this review aims to offer a holistic understanding of intelligent MNMs and their transformative impact on biomedical sciences.