TNF‐α can promote membrane invasion by activating the MAPK/MMP9 signaling pathway through autocrine in bone‐invasive pituitary adenoma

AbstractAimsA bone‐invasive pituitary adenoma exhibits aggressive behavior, leading to a worse prognosis. We have found that TNF‐α promotes bone invasion by facilitating the differentiation of osteoclasts, however, before bone‐invasive pituitary adenoma invades bone tissue, it needs to penetrate the dura mater, and this mechanism is not yet clear.MethodsWe performed transcriptome microarrays on specimens of bone‐invasive pituitary adenomas (BIPAs) and noninvasive pituitary adenomas (NIPAs) and conducted differential expressed gene analysis and enrichment analysis. We altered the expression of TNF‐α through plasmids, then validated the effects of TNF‐α on GH3 cells and verified the efficacy of the TNF‐α inhibitor SPD304. Finally, the effects of TNF‐α were validated in in vivo experiments.ResultsPathway act work showed that the MAPK pathway was significantly implicated in the pathway network. The expression of TNF‐α, MMP9, and p‐p38 is higher in BIPAs than in NIPAs. Overexpression of TNF‐α elevated the expression of MAPK pathway proteins and MMP9 in GH3 cells, as well as promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion of GH3 cells. Flow cytometry indicated that TNF‐α overexpression increased the G2 phase ratio in GH3 cells and inhibited apoptosis. The expression of MMP9 was reduced after blocking the P38 MAPK pathway; overexpression of MMP9 promoted invasion of GH3 cells. In vivo experiments confirm that the TNF‐α overexpression group has larger tumor volumes. SPD304 was able to suppress the effects caused by TNF‐α overexpression.ConclusionBone‐invasive pituitary adenoma secretes higher levels of TNF‐α, which then acts on itself in an autocrine manner, activating the MAPK pathway and promoting the expression of MMP9, thereby accelerating the membrane invasion process. SPD304 significantly inhibits the effect of TNF‐α and may be applied in the clinical treatment of bone‐invasive pituitary adenoma.