The Role and Mechanism of Engineered Nanovesicles Derived from Hair Follicle Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of UVB-induced Skin Photoaging

Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are effective in the treatment of skin photoaging; however, their low yield and functional decline with passage progression limit their clinical application. Cell-derived nanovesicles (CNVs) are potential alternatives that can address the limitations of EVs derived from MSCs and are conducive to clinical transformations. Hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells (HFMSCs), a type of MSCs, have demonstrated the function of repairing skin tissues; nevertheless, the efficacy of CNVs from HFMSCs (HFMSC-CNVs) in the treatment of skin photoaging remains unclear. Therefore, ultraviolet radiation B (UVB)-induced photoaging nude mice and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) were used as experimental models to investigate the therapeutic effects of HFMSC-CNVs in photoaging models. Methods HFMSC-CNVs were successfully prepared using the mechanical extrusion method. UVB-induced nude mice and HDFs were used as experimental models of photoaging. Multiple approaches, including hematoxylin-eosin and Masson staining, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS), flow cytometry, western blotting, and other experimental methods, were combined to investigate the possible effects and mechanisms of HFMSC-CNVs in the treatment of skin photoaging. Results In the nude mouse model of skin photoaging, treatment with HFMSC-CNVs reduced UVB-induced skin wrinkles (p < 0.05) and subcutaneous capillary dilation, alleviated epidermis thickening (p < 0.001), and dermal thinning (p < 0.001). Furthermore, HFMSC-CNVs upregulated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression (p < 0.05) and decreased the levels of ROS, beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal), and CD86 (p < 0.01). In vitro experiments, treatment with HFMSC-CNVs enhanced the cellular activity of UVB-exposed HDFs (p < 0.05), and reduced ROS levels and the percentage of senescent cells (p < 0.001), and alleviated cell cycle arrest (p < 0.001). HFMSC-CNVs upregulated the expression of Collagen I (Col I), SMAD2/3, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX-1), and superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) (p < 0.05) and downregulated the expression of cycle suppressor protein (p53), cell cycle suppressor protein (p21), and matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) (p < 0.05). Conclusion Conclusively, the anti-photoaging properties of HFMSC-CNVs were confirmed both in vivo and in vitro. HFMSC-CNVs exert anti-photoaging effects by alleviating cell cycle arrest, decreasing cellular senescence and macrophage infiltration, promoting cell proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) production, and reducing oxidative stress by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes.