Abudwak Maternity and Children's Hospital (Somali: Isbitaalka Caabudwaaq ee Daryeelka Umulaha iyo Caruurta) is a health services center in Abudwak, the largest city in Galgadud Region. This maternity hospital was initiated by the Somali diaspora..
Introduction: Each kidney is typically drained by a single renal vein, though variations exist. Sometimes, more than one renal vein may drain the kidneys, which is clinically significant as they often play a significant role in surgeries related to the kidneys. Aim: To measure the morphological parameters of renal veins, as well as additional renal veins if present. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Assam Medical College and Hospital, Dibrugarh, Assam, India from October 2021 to October 2024. A total number of 52 formalin-fixed human cadavers of both sexes were dissected, which included both adults (n=17) and perinatal cadavers (n=35). The parameters were the length and diameter of the renal veins and, if present, those of accessory renal veins. The length of the renal veins was measured with a measuring scale. The diameter of the renal veins was measured by using Vernier’s calliper. Continuous variables were reported as Mean±Standard Deviation. The categorical findings were expressed in percentages. Results: Of the 52 cadavers studied, 37 (71.2%) were males, 15 (28.8%) were females. The study included 104 renal veins. The length of the adult Right Renal Vein (RRV) and Left Renal Vein (LRV) was 2.46±0.41 cm and 7.06±0.51 cm. In the case of a perinatal cadaver, the length of the right and LRVs was 1.21±0.3 cm and 1.86±0.5 cm, respectively. Of the 52, 3 (5.8%), showed the presence of accessory renal veins. Accessory renal vein on the left-side was present in 2 (3.8%) cadavers, whereas 1 (1.9%) cadaver showed it on the right-side. Conclusion: The variations and course of renal veins help in nephrectomy and renal transplantation surgeries.
ABSTRACT Background: The optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) continues to evolve, but current recommendations derived largely from Western data may not reflect the clinical profile of Indian patients, underscoring the need for region-specific guidance. Objective: To develop consensus-based, India-specific recommendations on DAPT duration in ACS by integrating global evidence with real-world clinical considerations. Materials and Methods: A modified Delphi process was conducted among experienced interventional cardiologists across India. Participants reviewed evidence summaries and anonymously rated ten statements on prolonged, shortened, and risk-stratified DAPT strategies. Consensus was defined as ≥75% agreement. Results: All 34 cardiologists completed the survey (100% response). Consensus (≥≥70%) was achieved for all statements. Strong agreement supported prolonged DAPT in high-thrombotic-risk ACS (97.1%) and balancing ischemic and bleeding risks (94.1%). Agreement with the ESC 6-month DAPT recommendation for stable DES percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was lower (61.8%), reflecting preference for extended therapy in Indian practice. While short DAPT reduced bleeding (85.3%), most experts acknowledged higher MI risk in ACS, consistent with SMART-DATE and STOPDAPT-2 ACS (79.4%). Prolonged DAPT (≥≥12 months) in complex PCI received strong support (97%), with universal agreement that it reduces MACE and cardiothrombotic events (100%). Key factors favoring extended therapy included smoking and prior MI/stent thrombosis (97% each), as well as procedural complexity. Routine PPI cotherapy was endorsed by 79.4%. Conclusion: The GOLD-DAPT consensus offers practical, risk-adapted recommendations for Indian ACS patients, supporting individualized rather than fixed-duration DAPT and emphasizing the need for India-specific prospective data to guide future national policy.
Background: Intensive Care Units (ICUs) are critical for the management of life-threatening conditions. However, outcomes in low-resource settings remain suboptimal due to infrastructural and personnel limitations. This study investigates disease patterns and identifies predictors of mortality among ICU patients at Assam Medical College and Hospital (AMCH), Dibrugarh. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted over a three-month period (October–December 2024), involving 316 adult ICU patients. Data were extracted from admission records and analyzed using SPSS 20.0. Logistic regression was applied to determine independent predictors of mortality, with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) calculated. Results: The mean patient age was 45.36 ± 17.98 years, with a male predominance (60.13%). Common diagnoses included polytrauma with head injury (17.72%), sepsis (10.13%), and pneumonia (9.49%). The overall ICU mortality rate was 29.11%. The leading causes of death were sepsis (20.57%), head injury (18.99%), and ARDS (8.23%). Independent predictors of mortality included low Glasgow Coma Scale scores (<8) (OR = 12.3; 95% CI: 8.1–18.6), prolonged mechanical ventilation (OR = 5.8; 95% CI: 3.9–8.2), and extended antibiotic therapy (OR = 5.6; 95% CI: 3.1–8.0). Conclusion: High ICU mortality at AMCH is predominantly driven by sepsis, head injury, and respiratory failure. Strengthening clinical protocols, enhancing staff training, and improving access to critical care resources are essential to reducing mortality in such settings. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions in resource-limited environments.
Traditional and fermented foods are widely consumed by the ethnic population of Northeast India. These foods are not only very nutritious, easily available, and reasonably priced, but also boost immunity and protect from various seasonal infections and have been reported through several investigations. However, pathogens transmitted by these foods have never been reported. The process of preparation and preservation of fermented traditional foods involves various steps that can prompt contamination risks. Using the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-FoodNet surveillance data, we report the profile of enteric bacteria and mycotoxin-producing fungal pathogens identified in traditional and fermented food items and their importance in public health. Food samples were collected from rural areas of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura, and Sikkim. Bacterial and fungal pathogens were tested as per the standard operating procedure at respective ICMR-FoodNet laboratories and MycoNet laboratory at Assam. Samples were collected under six broad categories: milk products, edible insects, non-vegetarian, legumes/cereals, veggies, and alcoholic beverages. Data compilation was done centrally through a digital data portal. Quality assurance was done by the ICMR-National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections (NIRBI), Kolkata. A total of 1227 samples were collected, among which 78 samples (6.8
Background: Renal pelvic dilatation (RPD) is the most common abnormality discovered on antenatal ultrasound. Unfortunately, little is known about antenatal hydronephrosis (ANH) and its associated etiology and outcomes. This study aimed to determine the incidence of antenatal RPD to evaluate antenatal resolution/progression and post-natal outcome. Also, this study aims to determine the outcome of patients diagnosed with ANH. Methodology: The current study followed a retrospective design. Data were collected from the medical records of infants born between 2019 and 2021, with dilated fetal renal pelvis in Armed Forces Hospital, Southern Region, Saudi Arabia. According to the radiological report on the follow-up, the patients were categorized based on their pelvic anteroposterior diameter (APD) detected on the second-trimester ultrasound into: APDs of 5-9.9 mm, 10-14.9 mm, and above 15 mm were classified as mild dilatation, moderate hydronephrosis, and severe hydronephrosis, respectively. Results: Among patients with RPD, 43.5% had mild dilatation while 33.3% had moderate hydronephrosis and 23.2% had severe hydronephrosis. There was no significant difference in incidence of RPD between mothers of different ages (P=0.302). Moreover, 69.6% of the patients were male with male: female ratio of 2.3:1. Among patients with RPD, 47 infants had good outcomes (68.1%), while 22 patients had poor outcomes. There was a significant difference in outcomes of patients with RPD according to their severity, where mild dilatation had the highest percentage of good outcomes as 86.7% of children with mild dilatation had good outcomes compared with 47.8% of infants with moderate hydronephrosis and 62.5% of those with severe hydronephrosis (P=0.009). Conclusion: Male infants have higher risk for developing RPD, although gender is not a predictor for severity or outcomes. Among patients with RPD, most patients have good outcomes. Key Words: Renal pelvic dilatation, antenatal hydronephrosis, infancy, ultrasonography, outcome, retrospective research design.
