Adelphi University is a private university in Garden City, New York. Adelphi also has centers in Manhattan, Hudson Valley, and Suffolk County. There is also a virtual, online campus for remote students. It is the oldest institution of higher education in suburban Long Island. It enrolls 7,520 undergraduate and graduate students.
Objective This research validated the Italian version of the 40-item Caregiving Experiences Questionnaire (CEQ) by examining its factor structure and associations with maternal burnout and child dysregulation.Background Caregiving representations shape parental behavior and influence child development. Existing measures are resource intensive, limiting accessibility. The CEQ offers a practical self-report alternative, but its validation remains limited.Method Two studies involved independent samples of Italian cisgender, heterosexual, biological mothers. Study 1 assessed the CEQ's factor structure, reliability, and measurement invariance across child gender, developmental stage, and maternal education (N = 891; Mage = 41.48, SD = 6.76). Study 2 used structural equation modeling to assess relations among caregiving, maternal burnout, and child dysregulation among 743 mothers (M = 42.31 years, SD = 6.64) of children mean aged 8.76 (SD = 4.99).Results A four-factor, 29-item model (Enjoyment, Helplessness, Heightened Caregiving, Role Reversal) showed strong psychometric properties and invariance across subgroups. Maternal burnout mediated the relations between enjoyment, heightened caregiving, and role reversal and child dysregulation. Helplessness exerted a direct effect.Conclusion The Italian CEQ is a valid and reliable tool for assessing maternal caregiving, relevant across developmental and demographic contexts.Implications Interventions targeting maternal caregiving and burnout may reduce child dysregulation.
Disrupted caregiving behaviors are linked to adverse child outcomes, including emotional and behavioral difficulties. However, observational tools for assessing these behaviors are resource-intensive and limited to early childhood. This research developed the Disrupted Caregiving Questionnaire (DCQ), examining its factor structure and associations with maternal history of disorganization and role reversal, maternal internalizing symptoms, and child adjustment. Two studies based on samples of Italian cisgender, heterosexual, biological mothers were conducted. Study 1 assessed the DCQ’s factor structure, reliability, and measurement invariance across child gender and developmental stage (N = 1,056; Mage = 41.91, SD = 6.98; age range: 2–18). Study 2 examined convergent and incremental validity through correlations with maternal experiences of disorganization and role reversal with their own mothers, maternal internalizing symptoms, and child adjustment outcomes among 762 mothers (Mage = 44.77, SD = 9.09). Confirmatory Factor Analysis supported a three-factor structure (Mother Helpless, Mother Frightened, Maternal Role-Confusion), with good internal consistency. DCQ dimensions were associated with maternal past experiences of disorganization and role reversal, and mental health symptoms. The DCQ was also related to variability in child adjustment outcomes, not accounted for by mothers’ own childhood experiences of disorganization and role reversal. The DCQ is a promising measure for assessing disrupted caregiving behaviors in mothers of children aged 2–18, providing a practical tool for research and clinical contexts.
This study develops a text-based measure of firm-level tariff exposure using the sections on business operations and risk factors in corporate fillings from 2024. Firms with higher tariff exposure experience significantly lower abnormal returns around the April 2, 2025 “Liberation Day” tariff announcement in the short term. Subgroup analyses show that the effect is most pronounced among firms with high leverage, strong growth and valuations, high advertising intensity, and low earnings quality. Collectively, disclosure-based tariff exposure emerges as a priced forward-looking risk, providing implications for mandated risk language disclosure, policy uncertainty, and risk channels in asset pricing.
Youth sport participation is widely promoted as a protective factor for mental health. However, this relationship is likely conditional, with data to suggest that sport can either support or undermine youth mental health. Using a constructivist qualitative design, we explored the lived experiences of key stakeholders within the U.S. youth sport ecosystem to better understand how sport structures intersect with mental health. Fourteen semi-structured focus groups were conducted with 64 participants, including youth athletes, parents, coaches, organizational leaders, and individuals involved in funding, policy, and partnerships. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Three interconnected themes were identified: (a) The Paradox of Participation, highlighting how performance pressure, social media surveillance, and adult dysregulation erode psychological safety; (b) The Elite Industrial Complex, highlighting how pay-to-play models, early specialization, and identity foreclosure create systemic exclusion and psychological harm; and (c) Reclaiming the Game, which outlines solutions including the professionalization of adults in youth sport, creating protective policy frameworks, and the restoration of developmentally appropriate recreational pathways. Overall, the findings revealed a youth sport ecosystem in a state of crisis, marked by a misalignment between developmental needs and adult-driven, commercialized participation structures. Addressing youth mental health through sport therefore requires systemic reform that prioritizes psychological safety, equity, and human development over elite outcomes.
Learning and decision-making are deeply embedded in our social world. Our choices occur in the presence of others, are shaped by social expectations and can have significant impacts on both our and others’ welfare. While these topics have been of interest to psychology and cognitive neuroscience for many years, recent efforts have incorporated model-based approaches to formalize the mechanisms through which our choices are influenced by social input. Combined with fMRI, our understanding of the role of neural circuits involved in reward related behavior and social cognition in supporting such mechanisms has grown exponentially. In this chapter, we will first discuss the utility of incorporating computational approaches into studies of social learning and decision-making. Next, we will review recent evidence regarding how social outcomes can impact our choices and social learning. We will then discuss how social rejection can impact our desire for agency and social contact. We also discuss the importance of social sharing in real-time interactions and social media environments and how this phenomenon fits into a framework of value-based choice that can shape social connection. Last, we will review recent work regarding how the value of social relationships shapes computational mechanisms underlying decisions to trust and take risks. We will conclude with future directions for the field, including merging computational approaches with individual differences, cutting-edge methodologies, and naturalistic paradigms to provide a more comprehensive picture of how the social world modulates choice and neural function.
