Alopecia is a common adverse effect of neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with early breast cancer. While hair typically regrows over time, more than 40% of patients continue to suffer from permanent partial alopecia, significantly affecting body image, psychological well-being, and quality of life. This concern is a recognized reason why some breast cancer patients decline life-saving chemotherapy. It is critical for healthcare professionals to consider the impact of this distressing side effect and adopt supportive measures to mitigate it. Among the various strategies investigated to reduce chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA), scalp cooling has emerged as the most effective. This article reviews the pathophysiology of CIA and examines the efficacy of different scalp cooling methods. Scalp cooling has been shown to reduce the incidence of CIA, defined as less than 50% hair loss, by 50% in patients receiving chemotherapy. It is associated with high patient satisfaction and does not significantly increase the risk of scalp metastasis or compromise overall survival. Promising new scalp cooling technologies, such as cryogenic nitrogen oxide cryotherapy, offer the potential to achieve and maintain lower scalp temperatures, potentially enhancing therapeutic effects. Further investigation into these approaches is warranted. Research on CIA is hindered by significant heterogeneity and the lack of standardised methods for assessing hair loss. To advance the field, further interdisciplinary research is crucial to develop preclinical models of CIA, establish a uniform, internationally accepted and standardised classification system, and establish an objective, personalised prognosis monitoring system.
Residual oils, high viscosity and large sulfur content petroleum products from the refining process of crude oil, are receiving increasing interest in pre-combustion carbon capture applications. Gasification is a promising technology to convert such complicated hydrocarbons into syngas. Pyrolysis and combustion are very important stages in the gasification process, and therefore a better understanding of these processes leads to higher efficiency and better development of such applications. In this work, pyrolysis and combustion of heavy fuel oil (HFO) and vacuum residual oil (VRO) were studied in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The HFO studied in this work is a blend of VRO and diesel, which provides insight into the performance of residual oils/diesel blends. The TGA experiments were conducted using nitrogen and mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen for pyrolysis and combustion studies, respectively, at different heating rates (5–20 °C min−1). The oxygen concentration was varied from 0 to 71.4%vol. to replicate oxygen concentration in applications ranging from pyrolysis (0% O2) to combustion (21% O2) and gasification (high O2%). The TGA experiments covered a temperature range from ambient to 1200 °C. The results show that pyrolysis is slightly slower than combustion at low temperatures for both oils. However, pyrolysis is significantly faster at high temperatures. The combustion of both oils resulted in minimal residue, while the residue remaining in the pyrolysis is 10–19%. The TGA was coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to monitor the evolved volatiles from the pyrolysis and combustion processes. The results show more aromatics evolved from VRO than HFO. Apparent kinetic parameters were calculated using three model-free methods and a model-based method (Coats and Redfern).
Chapter c14 Blue and Green Hydrogen Production, Distribution, and Supply for the Glass Industry and the Potential Impact of Hydrogen Fuel Blending in Glass Furnaces Michael J. Gallagher, Michael J. Gallagher Dewing Air Products & Chemicals Allentown, PA, USASearch for more papers by this authorAshwin Vinod, Ashwin Vinod Dewing Air Products & Chemicals Allentown, PA, USASearch for more papers by this authorA. Roger, A. Roger Dewing Air Products & Chemicals Allentown, PA, USASearch for more papers by this author Michael J. Gallagher, Michael J. Gallagher Dewing Air Products & Chemicals Allentown, PA, USASearch for more papers by this authorAshwin Vinod, Ashwin Vinod Dewing Air Products & Chemicals Allentown, PA, USASearch for more papers by this authorA. Roger, A. Roger Dewing Air Products & Chemicals Allentown, PA, USASearch for more papers by this author Book Editor(s):S. K. Sundaram, S. K. SundaramSearch for more papers by this author First published: 08 August 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394200306.ch14Book Series:Ceramic Transactions Series AboutPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShareShare a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Summary The global movement towards decarbonization spans across all industries, including Glass manufacturing. Hydrogen is expected to play a key role in decarbonizing industry. To make it easy to differentiate between the different hydrogen production methods/carbon intensities, industry has adopted the practice of referring to hydrogen using various colors. The most used colors are grey, blue, and green. Blue hydrogen is made from a hydrocarbon source. Green hydrogen is produced from a renewable energy source. Air Products has made significant investments in blue and green hydrogen and ammonia production. Currently, there are three major projects in the Middle East, Canada, and the United States in various stages of completion. The chapter also discusses some aspects of these projects including production, distribution, and supply methods. In addition, results using hydrogen as a fuel to replace natural gas combustion with existing oxy-fuel burner technology are presented. REFERENCES Kearney Energy Transition Institute , Hydrogen applications and business models , June 2020 . https://www.energy-transition-institute.com/insights/hydrogen Google Scholar Air Products , ACWA Power and NEOM Sign Agreement for $5 Billion Production Facility in NEOM Powered by Renewable Energy for Production and Export of Green Hydrogen to Global Markets. Air Products, ACWA Power and NEOM Sign Agreement for $5 Billion Production Facility in NEOM Powered by Renewable Energy for Production and Export of Green Hydrogen to Global Markets . Google Scholar Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Functioning of the European Carbon Market . 2020 . https://ec.europa.eu/clima/system/files/2021-10/com_2021_962_en.pdf Google Scholar A. Keeley . Hydrogen Combustion on a Float Glass Furnace. 26 th International Congress on Glass . Berlin, Germany , 3-8 July 2022 . Google Scholar 83rd Conference on Glass Problems: Ceramic Transactions ReferencesRelatedInformation
A novel single-bed, "Snap-on" and standalone, medical oxygen concentrator design based on a rapid pressure swing adsorption process was investigated for continuous oxygen supply. The Snap-on concentrator design is easy to hook up to an existing compressed air source, and the unit can then be readily used to produce oxygen for medical applications. It is easily transportable and compared to a traditional oxygen concentrator with its dedicated compressor, the Snap-on concentrator is particularly relevant for the oxygen therapy needs of a larger number of patients in situations such as COVID-19. A commercially available LiLSX zeolite was used for the separation of oxygen from compressed ambient air. The experiments were performed at different feed air pressures using a constant supply of house air in the lab. Further, the device performance was also analyzed using a standalone medium size air compressor. The minimum bed size factor obtained with compressed house air was 100 lb/tons per day contained (TPDc) O-2 at a cycle time of 7 s, whereas the minimum bed size factor obtained with a medium size air compressor weighing about 12 lbs was 210 lb/TPDc O-2 at a cycle time of 14.5 s under the same feed pressures of 3.1 bar at an oxygen product purity of 90%. The product oxygen flow rate was nearly double for the same amount of adsorbent when using house air for the Snap-on design. The primary reason for this significantly higher oxygen production was the substantially higher and stable air throughput capacity of a typical house air compressor that enabled rapid cycling of the process at near-constant feed pressure compared to a medium size compressor used in a medical oxygen concentrator. The oxygen recovery was approximately 34% for both cases. Thus, the Snap-on oxygen concentrator was found to be easier to build and it delivered more oxygen for medical use compared to standalone units in locations where a constant supply of compressed feed air is available. This is typically the case in facilities such as hospitals, military medical camps and cruise ships. Further, the Snap-on design offers other benefits such as ease of transportation, higher reliability and lower weight.
Coal and other disadvantaged fuels such as petroleum coke and refinery bottoms can be used for the production of chemicals around the world. Coal is an established feedstock in gasification and has been the primary focus in markets like China, where the use of coal to chemicals is needed due to limited access to oil and natural gas reserves. Disadvantaged feedstocks such as petroleum coke and heavy residues are currently experiencing a shift in market utilization. New legislation on criteria pollutants in countries like India and IMO2020 legislation are reducing the size of petroleum coke and residue feedstock end markets. The need to dispose of these disadvantaged feedstocks has created new project opportunities for gasification plants. However, with the new opportunities come increasing pressures to lower the CO2 but also increasing the opportunity to take advantage of CO2 emission reduction benefits and/or to deploy the CO2 for enhanced oil recovery.Air Products provides high quality technical solutions as a technology supplier, process integrator and operator. This paper will present our unique perspective on the amenable streams for CO2 capture within the gasification plant, thoughts on how the technologies are developing to further reduce the overall CO2 footprint of a coal to syngas facility, and what the major driving forces are present in selecting technologies and process options.Gasification produces CO2 as a natural byproduct of the reactions taking place in the gasifier to produce syngas as well as downstream water gas shift reactions. The high temperatures and pressures that various gasification and shift processes can operate under provide potential capture points in the plant flowsheet depending on the quantity and purity of CO2 needed. In addition, product syngas requirements dictate the purity and CO to H2 ratio of the product syngas which has a direct influence over the amount of CO2 available to capture from the product syngas streams. Pressurized CO2 sources are a more cost effective way to capture high levels of CO2. As compared to SMR technologies in which approximately 50% of the CO2 is at pressure, solid and liquid gasification technologies contain almost all of the CO2 within the pressurized syngas stream. The amenable product stream locations vary in quantity, purity, and pressure of CO2. Therefore, the degree of capture from the plant is an important variable when selecting the location and technology employed to capture at a specific facility. Gasification also has the advantages of heat recovery from the process to produce steam which can offset the steam demand from low pressure CO2 sources like on purpose boilers. Heat recovery and integration options are core to producing an economic solution to the CO2 capture.Various technologies exist for the removal of CO2 from gasification plants. The methanol based Rectisol process is one technology employed in gasification plants for the effective removal of CO2 from the pressurized gasification syngas streams. It is a proven technology for purifying the syngas stream, but it is not the only technology which can be employed to capture CO2. Numerous studies on decarbonized fuels have outlined Rectisol as well as other acid gas removal technologies for power production. In this paper, the focus will be on revisiting these standby technology options and introducing additional technologies, like Air Products Sour PSA technology, that provide options to capture various levels and purities of CO2, for the solid or liquid feedstock to syngas markets.Currently, Air Products has formed a joint venture with the Luan Coal Group to operate a large-scale gasification plant which converts coal to liquids. The carbon in the coal does not leave the facility as CO2 as in decarbonized power production processes. A significant portion of the carbon is incorporated into the final product from the syngas. This utilization of carbon in the products influences the amenable envelope of technologies that can be used to capture CO2 from the plant. Maximizing the carbon that resides in product molecules provides an interesting twist on previous decarbonized power carbon capture studies. Maximizing carbon utilization provides insight into how to design the balance of plant and what technologies could be developed that would directly impact the material balance as well as the CO2 emissions from the overall facility. Air Products is uniquely positioned to analyze the technical challenges of capturing CO2 from gasification facilities. Identifying cost effective solutions to individual opportunities and the technical driving force influencing design choices will be discussed in this paper.
