Akal University is a private university in Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda, India. It is set up by Kalgidhar Society. It was established in 2015 under The Akal University Act, 2015 (Punjab Act No. 25 of 2015).
Silver nanoparticle (Ag NP)-decorated graphitic carbon nitride (Ag@g-C3N4) nanocomposites were synthesized via chemical and biogenic routes and evaluated for reductive degradation of toxic nitroaromatic compounds and low-energy X-ray attenuation. Structural and spectroscopic analyses (XRD, FTIR, FESEM, TEM, XPS, DRS) confirmed uniform Ag NP incorporation and bandgap narrowing from 2.69 to 2.33 eV. Under visible light and in the presence of NaBH4, biogenic Ag@g-C3N4 exhibited superior catalytic activity, achieving >95% degradation of p-nitrophenol, dinitrophenol, picric acid, and dinitrophenylhydrazine within 5 min at pH 7, following pseudo-first-order kinetics. Mechanistic studies revealed that enhanced interfacial charge separation and Ag-mediated electron transfer dominate the hydride-driven reduction process, with minimal involvement of reactive oxygen species. In addition, Ag@g-C3N4 showed significantly improved X-ray shielding performance, with higher mass attenuation coefficients and effective atomic numbers and reduced tenth value layers compared to pristine g-C3N4 in the 30-150 keV range. These results demonstrate that biogenic Ag@g-C3N4 is a sustainable, multifunctional material for efficient environmental remediation and lightweight radiation shielding applications.
This article investigates a (3+1) -dimensional Boussinesq-type equation (BTE) that models the propagation of small-amplitude dispersive waves in shallow water. The equation is of great physical significance due to its relevance in diverse phenomena such as ocean wave dynamics, tsunami propagation, and coastal harbor behavior. By establishing the intrinsic relationship between the Bell polynomials and the Hirota D-operator, we construct the Hirota bilinear form of the equation in a systematic manner. Based on this bilinear framework, we derive and graphically illustrate various nonlinear wave structures, including one-, two-, and three-kink soliton solutions. Furthermore, a lump solution is obtained through a quadratic test function, and its strong localization characteristics are demonstrated through detailed graphical visualization. Two distinct families of lump-multi-kink interaction solutions are then derived by employing quadratic–exponential and quadratic–hyperbolic cosine test functions, respectively, revealing rich and complex wave interaction dynamics. Furthermore, the application of the Plücker relation leads to the Wronskian condition, demonstrating that the N-soliton solutions of the model can be represented through Wronskian determinants. Finally, by invoking the Riccati equation approach, we derive several new classes of soliton solutions expressed in hyperbolic, trigonometric, and rational function forms, enriching the overall solution structure of the model.
The development of biocompatible antimicrobial nanomaterials is crucial to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens. This study reports a green approach for synthesizing anatase TiO2 and wurtzite ZnO nanoparticles using Withania somnifera extract as a polyphenol-rich bioreductant and stabilizer. XRD confirmed crystalline phases with crystallite sizes of 34.12 nm (TiO2) and 26.96 nm (ZnO), while microscopy revealed particle sizes of 48.56 and 43.95 nm, respectively. FTIR and HPLC analyses verified polyphenol involvement in nanoparticle formation and surface functionalization. The nanoparticles exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium, with ZnO exhibiting superior efficacy and high cytocompatibility for biomedical antimicrobial applications.
Isospin influence on the decay of hot and rotating compound nuclei 58-61Cu* formed in the reactions 23-26Mg +35 Cl at Ec.m. similar to 32MeV is investigated using the quantum mechanical fragmentation theory based dynamical cluster-decay model (DCM). Using this formalism, the calculated potential energy surfaces, carrying the structural effects, give the preformation probability, P0 for a given decay mode which quantifies the prospects of a fragment being preformed before tunneling through the potential barrier, with certain penetration probability, P. In terms of these two quantities P0 and P, the comparative contributions of the light particles (LPs, A <= 4), light intermediate mass fragments (LIMFs, 5 <= A <= 12), heavy intermediate mass fragments (HIMFs, 13 <= A <= 20) and symmetric mass fragments (SMFs, 21 <= A <= ACN/2) in the total fusion cross-sections, sigma fus, have been calculated. The influence of degree of isospin has been seen on the fragment mass distribution, evaporation/ emissions of the LPs and the binary decay processes (LIMFs, HIMFs and SMFs) of the isotopic compound systems. The decay cross-sections for the dominant decay channels of LPs (sigma LPs) and LIMFs (sigma LIMFs) are added to give the DCM calculated sigma fusDCM values which are in good comparison with the available experimental data as well as Hauser-Feshbach statistical model calculations.
Energy efficiency (EE) is a critical metric in wireless communication systems. It measures the balance between data transmission and energy consumption. An optimal EE is key objective due to demand for higher data rates and reliable connections. Modern communication systems use advanced techniques such as Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) and hybrid methods to improve efficiency. The present work focuses on power, two block resource algorithm (TBRA) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Here, the transmitter section used a block structure to transmit data symbols. The resource block is divided into sub channels and sub symbols for efficient data transmission. The proposed method is evaluated against dynamic resource optimisation, DRL-Based Resource Allocation, and Federated DRL-Based D2D scheduling. The proposed TBRA demonstrates superior energy efficiency across multiple performance metrics. Additionally, focused on the factors influences maximises the energy efficiency in wireless systems. Evaluated the impact of SNR, power and resource allocation on EE. Compare EE across different transmission massive MIMO, MIMO-OFDM and hybrid approaches.
