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This study introduces an AI-driven integrated framework for predicting and optimizing the performance of turbo air classifiers, addressing the limited application of advanced intelligence techniques in fine-particle processing. A turbo air classifier was examined using three operational inputs, rotor speed (561–1739 rpm), primary air flow (98.87–351.13 m3/h), and secondary air flow (6–74 m3/h), to predict two key performance indicators: cut size (CS) and classification accuracy index (CAI). Multilayer perceptron neural networks (MLPNNs) were optimized using modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO), marine predators algorithm (MPA), and gray wolf optimizer (GWO). MPSO-MLPNN yielded the best CS predictions (R > 0.999), while GWO-MLPNN achieved the most accurate CAI predictions (R > 0.99). Pareto-based multi-objective bat algorithm (MOBA) was then applied to minimize CAI while constraining CS within 15–18 μm and 18–21 μm. The Pareto results revealed a clear trade-off: CAI decreased from ∼2.30 to ∼1.65 as CS increased slightly in the fine separation regime and stabilized at ∼1.58–1.60 for coarser separation. Optimal conditions showed that fine separation requires high rotor speed with moderate–high airflow, whereas coarser, energy-efficient operation is achievable with lower rotor speeds and high airflow.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive failure, memory impairment, and behavioral disturbances. The disease is associated with complex pathological mechanisms including amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque deposition, tau hyperphosphorylation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chronic neuroinflammation. Despite extensive research, currently available therapeutic options provide only symptomatic relief and fail to halt disease progression. Consequently, increasing attention has been directed toward natural bioactive compounds with multi-target therapeutic potential. Marine ecosystems represent a vast reservoir of structurally unique biomolecules, among which marine-derived polysaccharides have emerged as promising candidates for neuroprotection. Polysaccharides such as fucoidan, alginate, carrageenan, chitosan, ulvan, chondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid exhibit diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-amyloidogenic, and neuroprotective effects. These biomolecules can modulate several critical intracellular signaling pathways implicated in AD pathology, including the NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β, Nrf2/ARE, STAT3, and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways. By regulating these pathways, marine polysaccharides can reduce oxidative stress, suppress neuroinflammatory responses, inhibit amyloid aggregation, attenuate tau pathology, and promote neuronal survival. Additionally, certain polysaccharides such as chitosan and alginate have demonstrated significant potential as nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the signaling pathways associated with AD and highlights the emerging therapeutic potential of marine-derived polysaccharides as multi-target neuroprotective agents. Overall, these marine biomolecules represent promising candidates for developing novel therapeutic strategies to mitigate neurodegeneration and improve cognitive function in Alzheimer’s disease.
Clay-based geopolymers have emerged as promising low-carbon alternatives to conventional Portland cement, driven by the need for sustainable construction materials. This review systematically synthesizes literature on clay-based geopolymers, focusing on mineralogy, activation methods, and microstructural influences on construction performance. The aim is to provide a comprehensive understanding of how clay mineralogy governs geopolymerization behavior, microstructural evolution, and engineering properties. The scope of this study includes a wide range of clay precursors, such as kaolinitic, illitic, smectitic, fibrous, and lateritic systems, along with their respective activation and treatment strategies. Emphasis is placed on establishing relationships between mineralogical characteristics, reaction mechanisms, and performance indicators, including mechanical strength, durability, and transport properties. In addition, the review highlights recent advances in characterization techniques and the growing role of statistical and reliability-based approaches in evaluating material performance. The significance of this work lies in integrating mineralogical insights with performance-based design to support the development of reliable and scalable geopolymer systems. Furthermore, the study discusses the potential of clay-based geopolymers in advancing sustainable and climate-resilient construction practices. Clay-based geopolymer binders align with UN Sustainable Development Goals 9, 11, 12, and 13, fostering sustainable infrastructure development and climate-resilient construction practices.
CRISPR-Cas systems have emerged as a versatile tool for diagnosing, treating, and preventing infectious diseases. This review highlights translational advancements in CRISPR-Cas-based applications, concentrating on the past decades in diagnostics, therapeutic genome editing, and vaccine development. The article highlights key platforms like DETECTR and SHERLOCK, which enable rapid, sensitive pathogen detection, and explores CRISPR-Cas9 systems in therapeutic strategies for directly targeting viral genomes and combating antimicrobial resistance. It also examines the role of CRISPR-Cas9 in engineering live-attenuated and personalized neoantigen vaccines. Principal findings demonstrate a clear progression from experimental proof-of-concept to preclinical applications primarily in CRISPR-based diagnostics and the engineering of live-attenuated vaccine candidates, whereas translation in CRISPR-based therapeutics and personalized neoantigen vaccines for infectious diseases remains at earlier, more exploratory stages. CRISPR-based diagnostics have progressed further toward clinical evaluation than therapeutics due to delivery and safety constraints, while personalized neoantigen vaccines are included mainly as an emerging, comparative concept for infectious diseases rather than a mature application. This review uniquely integrates CRISPR-based diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine development within a single infectious disease framework, critically assesses their current maturity, and systematically highlights technical, regulatory, and ethical barriers alongside realistic future priorities. The review concludes that while CRISPR-Cas holds transformative potential for infectious disease management, significant challenges in delivery efficiency, off-target effects, and ethical regulation must be addressed to ensure safe and equitable clinical translation.
The Cephalopods are unique class of marine Animals, such as squids, octopuses, and cuttlefish. Those are well-known for the unique ability to produce ink, primarily as a defense mechanism. This ink, conventionally examined for its role in marine biology, in recent times gathered substantial attention in the medicinal and pharmaceutical fields because of the different therapeutic properties of the ink’s components. This review article targets to reconnoiter the medical prospective of cephalopod ink, emphasizing its chemical composition, biological activities, and potential therapeutic uses. The main constituents of cephalopod ink, containing melanin, proteins, lipids, and numerous biologically active molecules, displays antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory characteristics. The review looks into the depths of current research on the extraction, characterization, and pharmacological estimation of cephalopod ink components, highlighting their pivotal role in developing novel therapeutic products. By organizing and critically scrutinizing existing studies, this review pursues to reveal new boulevards for cephalopod ink in drug development, inspiring further exploration into its medical applications and setting the foundation for forthcoming advancements in biomedicine.
