ARCO (/ˈɑːrkoʊ/ AR-koh) is a brand of gasoline stations currently owned by Marathon Petroleum after BP sold its rights. BP commercialises the brand in Northern California, Oregon and Washington, while Marathon has rights for the rest of the United States and in Mexico.ARCO had been established in 1966 as the "Atlantic Richfield Company", an independent oil and gas company formed after the merger of Atlantic Petroleum and the Richfield Oil Corporation..
It is critical to examine the humanitarian response to disasters, particularly as their frequency has increased intensifying human suffering. In this context, efforts must be increased to identify lasting solutions. Enhancing disaster relief requires a stronger focus on developing humanitarian work, monitoring and effectively addressing needs, creating a robust framework for decision support, establishing funding sources for response plans, fostering collaboration between the public, private and community sectors, enhancing the efficiency of the response, expanding donor networks, ensuring neutrality in conflict settings, reassessing crisis response strategies to address community needs, and improving coordination tools to better and address humanitarian needs. The researcher highlighted the critical outcomes of his study advocating for the establishment of additional funding mechanisms for disaster response plans before they occur in order to reduce their impact. This involves proactive efforts to enhance local communities’ resilience and preparedness for potential disasters. Emphasis is placed on emergency planning to assess possible crises and make necessary preparations to meet the needs of individuals affected by them. In this study, the researcher employed a descriptive-analytical approach to categorize the various forms of humanitarian response, identify associated challenges, and propose solutions to overcome the obstacles that hinder the improvement of humanitarian response. The study gave priority to examining the shortage of humanitarian funds and its difficulties.
Mine-influenced groundwater (MIW) at a former copper mine site has affected an alluvial aquifer that also contains groundwater with solutes characteristic of natural mineralization and agricultural activities. Many of the solutes are common to at least two of three potential sources, and some solutes (e.g., sulfate and uranium) are common to all three. This precludes the conventional use of one, or several, characteristic solutes to identify the extent of MIW. So, we used five independent lines of evidence (LOE) to define the extent of MIW in the alluvial aquifer. The five LOE are multivariate statistical analysis of an extensive groundwater analyte suite, groundwater sulfur isotope (δ34SSO4) data, probabilistic calculations of groundwater velocity and flow distance, isotopic (3H/3He) estimates of groundwater age, and extent of nitrate in groundwater originating from agricultural activities.
Voluntary work is one of the principles of humanitarian work that organizations rely on. Volunteers perform work for free, out of their sense of responsibility towards people around them, and from their desire to sacrifice themselves, and honestly contribute to the humanitarian development of their society. Voluntary work goes beyond the concept of profitability, and its goal is not limited only to the material assistance of human beings, but it also focuses on the preservation of the environment, culture, education, and health. Due to the importance of voluntary work, the international community has designated an international day on the fifth of September of each year with the aim of enhancing the efforts of individuals and institutions in providing more support to alleviate human suffering and create a stable and safer future for societies. The aim of the international community is also the dissemination of a culture of solidarity in all societies so to strengthen them and enhance their interdependence by helping their members to face various humanitarian challenges, such as tackling extreme poverty, preserve human dignity and improve peoples’ living conditions. Volunteering is of great importance to societies in general and to Arab societies, especially at the present time, when the need for volunteers’ work is needed to face many successive and rapid changes occurred due to disasters. Volunteers’ active participation is having a positive impact on both individuals and society alike. Besides solving many common problems, their activity has other advantages: It can enhance social solidarity by raising the volunteer’s skills and performance in alleviating the suffering of peoples; it can also make volunteers feel satisfied with themselves and help them to develop their potentiality.
OBJECTIVE:Clinical indications for maxillary sinus floor elevation with transcrestal techniques have increased in recent years even in sites with minimal residual bone height (RBH). Nevertheless, limited information is currently available on incidence of intraoperative complications and early implant failure in these cases. MATERIAL AND METHODS:This retrospective multicenter study was performed on anonymized clinical and radiographic records of patients who underwent transcrestal sinus floor elevation in seven clinical centers. Influence of different factors related to patient, and sinus anatomy and surgical technique on the incidence of intraoperative complications and early implant failure rate after transcrestal sinus lift were investigated. RESULTS:A total of 430 patients treated with transcrestal sinus floor elevation for single-implant insertion in sites with RBH ≤5 mm were included in the final analysis. After 1 year of loading, 418 implants of 430 were satisfactorily in function. Early implant failure was recorded in 12 cases (2.8%); results were significantly associated with the presence of large sinus cavities and with the occurrence of membrane perforation. The following adverse events were recorded: membrane perforation (7.2%), acute sinusitis (0.9%), implant displacement into the sinus cavity (0.7%), oro-antral fistula (0.2%), and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (0.5% of osteotome cases). A strong direct correlation between sinus membrane perforation and bucco-palatal sinus width (p = .000) was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS:Early implant failure after transcrestal sinus elevation showed significant direct correlation with bucco-palatal maxillary sinus width and the presence of membrane perforation. Sinus membrane perforation was strongly associated with bucco-palatal sinus width (extremely low perforation rate in narrow and much higher incidence in wide sinuses).
Mine drainage from the St Louis Tunnel (located at the Rico-Argentine Site) is circumneutral most of the year, with spring freshets increasing flow, decreasing pH and increasing metals concentrations. This study was designed to test the performance of a demonstration-scale horizontal wetlands passive treatment train, comprised of a settling basin, surface flow wetland, horizontal-flow anaerobic wetland, aeration channel, and rock drain, during two years of influent water chemistry at a constant 113 L/min (30 gpm) flow rate. Total Zn, Cd, and Mn effluent concentrations met project treatment goals (PTGs) 75, 96.9, and 100% of the time, respectively, and 93.9, 100, and 100% of the time for the dissolved metals. Most PTG exceedances occurred during the freshet events. Most Zn and Cd attenuation was attributed to sulfide precipitation in the anaerobic cell and capture/filtration of suspended ZnS particles in the anaerobic wetland and rock drain. Manganese was attenuated in the aerobic portion of the anaerobic cell (influent transition zone) as Mn oxides and carbonates. Oxidation of Mn occurred in the rock drain as biogenically formed Mn oxides adhered to the rock matrix. Carryover of dissolved sulfides from the anaerobic cell limited the rock drain's Mn removal efficiency. Low temperatures did not significantly affect biological activity within the system; the effects of seasonal water quality were more important.
