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The entry of Tolstoy, Turgenev, and Chekhov into world literature, their influence on writers of different countries, international fate of their heritage remains a relevant problem of both domestic and foreign literary studies. The article addresses the problem of creative selectivity of those receiving the literary phenomenon. We analyze the article by the English writer George Moore “Turgenev and Tolstoy in the Light of the Theory of ‘Opposing Currents’”, showing reminiscences from the novels of Turgenev and Tolstoy in “Esther Waters” by George Moore, and raise the question of naturalism and its fruitful adoption based on George Moore’s artistic heritage. The article presents Leo Tolstoy’s assessment of the English naturalist writers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is argued that the purpose of a comparative literature study is to establish the genetic and typological essence of the literary process. The study of George Moore’s works in domestic literary studies is continued. George Moore makes a polemical assessment of Tolstoy’s treatise “What Is Art?” But instead of Tolstoy’s concept of art that infects good feelings, George Moore insists that art should primarily infect ideas. Moore agrees that Tolstoy’s work is distinguished by its scale, comparing him to Hugo and considering that both authors make a person stand in the face of history. However, Moore is not satisfied with the contrasting tones of white and black in Tolstoy’s palette, no semitones. He compares Tolstoy’s scenes from the life of secular society with those of minor Dutch artists. The article emphasizes Moore’s special admiration with Turgenev’s amazing skill, grace, and subtlety of execution. We note that English writers of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, including Moore, sent their books to Tolstoy, but he did not find philosophical depth in them, despite their artistic skill.
In modern conditions of globalization and increasing competition in the international arena, integration processes are becoming particularly important for sustainable economic and social development. The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) is one of the key platforms uniting countries with common strategic interests, contributing to deepening trade and economic cooperation, expanding sales markets and increasing the competitiveness of national economies. Within the framework of this association, the regions play an important role, acting as active participants in integration processes, forming new growth points and strengthening interstate relations. The Republic of Bashkortostan, which has significant industrial, agricultural, cultural and historical potential, has every opportunity to strengthen its participation in the Eurasian integration. However, in order to achieve maximum effect, it is necessary to systematically design measures aimed at eliminating existing barriers and realizing existing advantages. The relevance of the article is due to the need to study the role of regions in integration processes and develop specific measures to strengthen their interaction within the EAEU. In a dynamically changing global economy, regional cooperation is becoming an important tool for achieving sustainable development, attracting investment and increasing competitiveness.
Creep in metals as a phenomenon has been comprehensively studied in solid mechanics as well as in materials science. This interest stems from two key motivations: assessing the strength characteristics of components subjected to prolonged exposure at high temperatures and enhancing our understanding of plastic deformation mechanisms. As it is known, the mechanics of deformable solids employ constitutive equations when describing creep behavior, whereas strength physics utilize models aimed at quantifying a particular creep deformation mechanism or mechanisms in novel materials and to predict the performance of the parts manufactured from them. However, such models are rarely encountered within traditional mechanics problem-solving frameworks. To bridge this gap, this study demonstrates how some classic boundary value problems can incorporate the kinetic equation of a metal creep model with a real structural parameter derived from the theory of irreversible deformations. The main derivation steps and numerical solutions are provided for steady and transient creep conditions, along with visualizations illustrating the distribution of actual structural parameters. This research outlines promising pathways for incorporating diverse structural creep models—typically associated with materials science—into solid mechanics. These findings lay the groundwork for more accurate predictions of evolving material properties in applications where creep deformations play a critical role.
This study examines long-term climate patterns in Armenia through the analysis of data obtained from two meteorological stations located at different elevations above sea level. Information on precipitation, air temperature, and relative humidity over an 85-year period (1938–2023) was analyzed from October, marking the end of the tree growth period, to September of the next vegetation season. The results are useful for dendrochronological research.
