The Basque Government (Basque: Eusko Jaurlaritza, Spanish: Gobierno Vasco) is the governing body of the Basque Autonomous Community of Spain. The head of the Basque government is known as the Lehendakari. The Lehendakari is appointed by the Basque Parliament every four years, after a regional election. Its headquarters are located in the Lakua district of Vitoria-Gasteiz in Álava.The first Basque Government was created after the approval of the first Basque Statute of Autonomy on 1 October 1936, in the midst of the Spanish Civil War. It was headed by José Antonio Aguirre (EAJ-PNV) and was supported by a coalition of all the parties that fought the Nationalist forces in the Civil War: those comprising the Popular Front (PSOE, PCE, EAE-ANV and other parties that sided with the Second Spanish Republic). After the defeat of the Republic, the Basque Government survived in exile, chaired by Jesús María Leizaola after the death of Aguirre in 1960. This first Basque Government was formally disbanded after the approval of the current Statute of Autonomy in 1979, after the death of caudillo Francisco Franco.Upon approval of the new Statute, the new Basque Government was created (1980), superseding the Basque General Council. Carlos Garaikoetxea was the first lehendakari of the new Government..
BACKGROUND:Understanding the epidemiology of trauma-related mortality is essential to guide quality improvement and optimize trauma system performance. However, the absence of comprehensive regional registries often limits accurate assessment. This study aimed to characterize trauma-related deaths in Biscay (Spain), a European region with an intermediately mature trauma care system, including both prehospital and in-hospital deaths. METHODS:A retrospective, population-based observational study included all trauma-related deaths in 2019 and 2022. Data were obtained from forensic autopsy reports and cross-referenced with clinical registries from the Basque Health Service. Variables analyzed were demographics, injury mechanisms, severity scores (AIS, ISS, NISS), ASA-PS classification, medico-legal intent, and physiopathological cause of death. Years of potential life lost before age 70 (YPLL70) were calculated. RESULTS:A total of 313 trauma-related deaths were recorded: 151 in 2019 and 162 in 2022. Median age was 72 years (P25-P75: 52-84), and 67% were men. Low-energy falls accounted for 41% of cases and high-energy falls for 30%. The medico-legal intent was mainly unintentional (69%), followed by suicide (29%). Traumatic brain injury (47%) and massive hemorrhage (29%) were the leading physiopathological causes. Two distinct profiles emerged: young adults sustaining high-energy trauma with severe injuries, and older adults dying after low-energy mechanisms. CONCLUSION:This study highlights a dual epidemiological pattern of trauma-related mortality in a region with an intermediately mature trauma system. Adapting trauma care pathways to address both high- and low-energy trauma, particularly in an aging population, may improve efficiency, equity, and clinical outcomes.
We characterise the frame morphisms f:L→ M that lift to frame maps f:_b(L)→_b(M) , where _b(L) is the collection of joins of complemented sublocales of a frame L, or equivalently the Booleanization of the collection (L) of all its sublocales. We do so by proving that _b(L) is isomorphic to the Bruns–Lakser completion of the meet-semilattice formed by the locally closed sublocales, i.e. the sublocales of the form 𝔠(a)∩𝔬(b) for a,b∈ L .
This study developed and tested a mediated‐effects model to examine how learning‐centred leadership influences teacher innovative practices through teacher knowledge sharing within Türkiye's centralised education system. Using survey data from 405 primary and secondary school teachers across Türkiye, we performed structural equation modelling to analyse the empirical links among study variables. The findings indicated that learning‐centred leadership has a significant direct impact on teacher innovative practices and an indirect effect through teacher knowledge sharing. Grounded in social exchange theory, our study suggested that principals who execute learning‐centred leadership practices foster teacher knowledge sharing, which, in turn, enhances teachers' implementation of innovative practices. We provided implications for policymakers and practitioners in Türkiye and similar educational contexts who aim to improve teacher innovative practices.
We establish sufficient conditions on discrete subsets of ℝ^d for them to form a uniqueness or a non-uniqueness pair for the fractional Laplacian. Specifically, assuming that f=0 on Λ and that (-Δ)^sf=0 on M, where Λ, M ⊂ℝ^d are discrete, we find sufficient conditions on these sets that force f to vanish identically, and we provide examples in which non-uniqueness occurs. Some of the ideas used in the proofs also extend to a broader class of multiplier operators.
Background & Aim: Smartphone use in nursing education offers both learning benefits and risks of distraction, influenced by cultural and institutional norms. The Nursing Students’ Smartphone Use and Distraction Questionnaire, originally developed in Spanish but never psychometrically validated, was formally validated among Spanish nursing students and simultaneously translated, culturally adapted, and validated for Portuguese nursing students. Methods & Materials: A psychometric study was conducted among 543 Portuguese and 480 Spanish nursing students enrolled in their second year or higher. The questionnaire was translated and culturally adapted into Portuguese following International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research guidelines. Psychometric evaluation included exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure, Bartlett’s test of sphericity, and internal consistency analysis using Cronbach’s alpha, conducted with IBM SPSS Statistics version 29. Results: The analysis extracted 26 items across six factors: Clinical Practice Use, Regulatory Policy, Unprofessional Personal Use, Observed Unprofessional Use, Student’s Distraction, and Ethics, explaining 57.8% of the variance in Portugal and 61.8% in Spain. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin values were 0.747 and 0.818, with Bartlett’s test significant in both samples (p < 0.001). Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the total scale were 0.717 (Portugal) and 0.740 (Spain), with subscale values ranging from moderate to good reliability. Conclusion: The Smartphone Use and Distraction Questionnaire showed valid structural properties and acceptable reliability in two distinct cultural settings. Its adaptability supports use across health professions and diverse countries and cultures, informing evidence-based policies that promote professional smartphone use and reduce distraction in clinical education.
